Smart Systems And Smart Materials

Smart Systems And Smart Materials Science and technology has made amazing developments in the design of electronics and machinery by using standard materials, which did not have particularly special properties (i.e. steel, aluminum, gold etc). Imagine the range of possibilities, which exist for special type of materials that have properties scientists can manipulate. Some such materials has the ability to change shape or size or simply by adding a little bit of heat, or to change from a liquid to a solid almost instantly when it is near a magnet; these materials are called smart materials. Smart materials are the materials that have one or more properties that can be dramatically altered. Most everyday materials have physical properties, which cannot be significantly altered; for example if an oil is heated it shall become little thinner, whereas a smart material with variable viscosity may turn from a fluid which flows easily to a solid. A variety of smart materials already exists, and is being researched extensively. These includes piezoelectric materials, magneto-rheostatic materials, electro-rheostatic materials, and shape memory alloys. Some everyday items are already incorporating smart materials (coffeepots, cars, the International Space Station, eyeglasses) and the number of applications for them is growing rapidly. Each individual type of smart material has a different type of property which can be significantly altered, such as viscosity, volume, and conductivity. The property which can be altered influences what types of applications the smart material can be used for. Smart systems and smart materials Smart structures are the new emerging materials systems which combines contemporary materials science with information science. The smart system is composed of these:- sensing, processing, actuating, feedback, self-diagnosing and self-recovering subsystems. These system uses the functional properties of advanced materials to achieve high performances with the capabilities of recognition, discrimination, and adjustification in response to make change of its environment. Each component of this system must have functionality, and the entire system is integrated to perform a self-controlled smart action, similar to a living creature that can think, make judgment and take actions. A smart system can be considered as a design philosophy that emphasizes predictivity, adaptivity and repetivity. A smart system/structure is defined as a non-biological physical structure having the following attributes: (1) a definite purpose; (ii) means and imperative to achieve that purpose; and (iii) a biological pattern of functioning. Smart materials are the subset of the smart systems, i.e. smart structures at the microscopic or mesoscopic scales. Smart systems are the non-biological structures which means that the system functions as a biological system rather than the pattern of functioning as a Turning machine. These materials will generally include at least one structural element, some for means of sensing the environment and its own state, and some type of processing and adaptive control algorithm. Science and technology in the 21st century will have to rely heavily on the development of new materials that are expected to respond to the environmental changes and manifest their own functions according to the optimum conditions. The development of these materials will undoubtedly be an essential task in many fields of science and technology such as informatics science, micro-electronics, computer science, medical treatment, life science, energy, transportation, safety engineering and military technologies. Materials development in the future, therefore, should be directed toward creation of hyperfunctional materials which will surpass even biological organ in some aspects. The present materials research is to develop various pathways that will lead the modern technology towards the smart sy stems. Types of Smart Materials Piezoelectric materials:- Piezoelectric materials have two unique properties that are interrelated. When a piezoelectric material is deformed, it gives off a small but a measurable electrical discharge. Alternately, when an electrical current is passed through a piezoelectric material it experiences the significant increase in size (approx. up to a 4% change in volume) Piezoelectric materials are widely used as sensors in different type of environments. They are often used to measure fluid composition, fluid density, fluid viscosity, or the force of an impact. An example of a piezoelectric material in everyday life is an airbag sensor in our car. The material senses the force of an impact on the car and thus sends and electric charge deploying the airbag. Example of Piezoelectric materials Electro-rheostatic (ER) and magneto-rheostatic (MR) materials:- Electro-rheostatic (ER) and magneto-rheostatic (MR) materials are fluids, which can experience dramatic change in their viscosity. These type of fluids can change from thick fluids (similar to motor oil) to nearly a solid substance within a span of a millisecond when exposed to a magnetic or an electric field. The effect can completely be reversed just as quickly when the field is removed. MR fluids experience viscosity changes when exposed to a magnetic field, while ER fluids experience similar type changes in an electric field. The composition of each type of smart fluid varies widely. The most common form of MR fluid consists of the tiny iron particles suspended in oil, while ER fluids can be as simple as milk chocolates or corn-starch and oil. MR fluids are mostly being developed for use in the car shocks, damping washing machine vibration, prosthetic limbs, exercise equipment, and surface polishing of machine parts. ER are mainly being developed for use in the clutches and valves, as well as engine mounts designed to reduce noise and vibration in the vehicles. Shape memory alloys:- Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are the metals, which exhibit two intresting unique properties, pseudo-elasticity, and shape memory effect. Arne Olander first observed these unusual properties in 1938 (Oksuta and Wayman 1998), but until the 1960s were no any serious research advances made in the field of shape memory alloys. The most effective and widely used alloys includes-NiTi (Nickel Titanium), CuZnAl, and CuAlNi. The unusual properties mentioned in the above are being applied to a wide variety of applications in the number of different fields. Shape memory alloys use ) pH sensitive polymers:- pH sensitive or pH responsive polymers are the materials which responds to the changes in the pH of the surrounding medium by varying or changing their dimensions. Such materials either swell or collapse depending on the pH of their own environment. These behaviour are exhibited due to the presence of certain type of functional groups in the polymer chains. There are only two kinds of ph sensitive materials:- one that have acidic group (-COOH, -SO3H) and swells in basic pH, and others that have basic groups (-NH2) and swells in acidic pH. Polyacrylic acid is an example of a former and Chitosan is an example of a latter. The mechanism of response is just same for both, just the stimuli varies. Their response is triggered due to the presence of ionisable functional groups (eg -COOH, -NH2) which get ionized and acquires a charge +/- in a certain pH. The polymer chains are now having similarly charged groups which causes repulsion and thus the material expands in dimensions. The opposite of this happens when pH changes and the functional groups loses their charge hence the repulsion is therefore gone and the material collapses back. These materials are being widely used for controlled drug delivery systems and biomimetics Halochromic material:- Halochromic materials are the materials which changes colour when pH changes occurs. The term chromic is defined as the materials that can change their colour reversibly in the presence of a factor. In this case, the factor is pH. The pH indicators have this type of property. Halochromic substances are suited for use in environments where pH changes occur very frequently, or the places where changes in pH are most. Halochromic substances can detect alterations in the acidity of substances, eg- detection of corrosion in metals. These substances can be used as indicators to determine the pH of the solutions of unknown pH. The colour obtained is compared with the colour obtained when the indicator is mixed with solutions of known pH. The pH of the unknown solution can then be estimated. Obvious disadvantages of this type method include its dependency on the colour sensitivity of the human eye, and those of unknown solutions that are already colour can be used. example of halochromoic The colour changes of halochromic substances occur when a chemical binds to existing hydrogen and hydroxide ions in solution. Such bonds result in changes in the conjugate systems of the molecules, or the range of electron to flow. This alters the amount of light absorbed, which in turns results in a visible change of colour. Halochromic substances does not display a full range of colour for a full range of pH because, after certain acidities, the conjugate system does not changes. The various shades resulted from different type of concentrations of halochromic molecules with the different conjugate systems. (6)Dielectric elastomers (DEs):- Dielectric elastomers are the smart material systems which produces large strains (even up to 300%) and belong to the group of electro active polymers (EAP). Based on their simple principle of working dielectric elastomers actuators (DEA) transform electric energy directly into the mechanical work. DE are lightweight, and have a high elastic energy density and are investigated since the late 1990s. Many of its potential applications exist as prototypes. Every year in spring a SPIE conference takes place in San Diego where the newest research results concerning DEA are exchanged between. Self-healing materials:- These materials are the class of smart materials that are having the structurally incorporated ability to repair damage caused by mechanical usage over time. The inspiration comes from the biological systems, which have the ability to heal after being wounded. Initiation of cracks and other types of damage on a microscopic level have been shown to change the thermal, electrical, and acoustical properties, and eventually lead to the whole scale failure of these materials. Usually, cracks are mended by hand, which is difficult because cracks are often hard to detect. A material (polymers, ceramics, etc.) that can intrinsically correct the damage caused by normal usage could lower production costs of the number of different industrial processes through longer part lifetime, reduction of inefficiency over time caused by degradation, as well as prevent costs incurred by material failure. For a material to be called as self-healing, it is necessary that the healing process shall occur with out human intervention. Examples shown below include healing polymers that are not self-healing polymers. Example of self healing Temperature-responsive polymer:- Temperature-responsive polymer is a polymer which undergoes a physical change when an external thermal stimulus is presented. Their ability to undergo such changes under easily controlled conditions makes this class of polymers fall into the category of smart materials. These physical changes can be exploited for many analytical techniques, especially for separation chemistry. After numerous investigations of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (poly-NIPAAm), there was a sparked interest in the applications of this and many other stimuli-responsive polymers. There have been extensive research in the applications of intelligent polymers for use as stationary phases, extraction compounds, surface modifiers, drug delivery, and gene delivery. Temperature responsive polymer Applications of smart materials There are many possibilities for smart materials and structures in this world. Engineering structures can be operated at the very limited of their performance envelopes and to their structural limits without fear of the exceeding either. These structures can also give maintenance engineers a full report on the performance history, as well as the location of the defects, whilst having the ability to counteract the unwanted or potentially dangerous conditions such as excess vibration, and effect self repair. Smart Materials in Aerospace:- Some materials and structures are termed sensual devices. These are structures which can sense their environment and generate data for use in health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS). Today the most well established application of HUMS are in the field of aerospace, in the areas such as aircraft checking. An aircraft constructed from a sensual structure could self-monitor its performance to a level beyond that of current data recording, and provide ground crews with the enhanced health and usage monitoring. This would minimise the overheads associated with HUMS and allow such aircraft to fly for more hours before any human intervention is required. Smart Materials in Civil Engineering They can be used in the monitoring of civil engineering structures to assess durability. Monitoring of the current and long term behaviour of a bridge would lead to enhanced safety during its life since it would provide early warning of structural problems at a stage where minor repairs would enhance durability, and when used in conjunction with structural rehabilitation can be used to safety monitor the structure beyond its original design life. This will influence the life costs of such structures by reducing upfront construction costs and by extending safe life of the structures. Sensual materials and structures also have a wide range of potential domestic applications, as in food packaging for monitoring safe storage and cooking. The above example addresses only sensual structures. However, the smart materials and structures offer the possibility of structures, which not only sense but also adapt with their environment. Such types of adaptive materials and structures benefit from the sensual aspects highlighted earlier, but in addition have the capability to move, vibrate, and exhibit a multitude of other real time responses. Potential applications of such adaptive materials and structures range from the ability to control the aeroelastic form of an aircraft wing, thus minimising drag and improving operational efficiency, to vibration control of lightweight structures such as satellites, and power pick-up pantographs on trains. Ken Materials Mechatronic smart structures have demonstrated the capability of its technology, but raise the important issue of the complexity of the resulting system. This smart type of structures contains a multitude of different materials, and in the case of sensual structures it will generate large amounts of data. This increase in complexity has been described as the spaghetti syndrome, and has led to the proposal for an alternative type of smart structure based on the concept of ken materials (the Chinese characters which means wisdom, structure, monitoring, integration and benignity is being pronounced ken in the Japanese language). Such structures will move functional integration into the constituent engineering materials by themselves. Some of the practical examples of ken materials exist at present, although a structural composite based on this concept had been developed in Japan. This is a carbon and glass fibre reinforced concrete which able to monitor concrete structures by using only the structural reinforcing fibres, thus reducing the complexity of the system. (4) Structural Uses (a) Active control of structures The concepts of the adaptive behaviour have been an underlying theme of active control of structures which are subjected to an earthquake and other environmental types of loads. The structure adapts its dynamic characteristics to meet the performance objectives at any instant. Sun and Sun (vi) used a thermo mechanical approach to develop a constitutive relation for bending of a composite beam with a continuous SMA fibers embedded eccentric to neutral axis. The authors finally concluded that SMAs can be successfully used for the active structural vibration control. Thompson(iii) also conducted an analytical investigation on the use of SMA wires to dampen the dynamic response of the cantilever beam constrained by SMA wires. (b) Passive control of structures Two families of the passive seismic control devices which are exploiting the peculiar properties of SMA kernel components has been implemented and tested within our MANSIDE project (Memory Alloys for New Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipation Devices). They are the Special braces for the framed structures and isolation devices for the buildings and bridges. (c) Smart Material Tag These smart materials tag can be used for composite structures. These tags can be monitored externally throughout the life of those structures to relate the condition of internal material. Such measurements as stress, moisture, voids, cracks and discontinuities might be interpreted via a remote sensors. (d) Retrofitting SMAs can use as self-stressing fibres and therefore they can be applied for retrofitting. Self-stressing fibres are the ones in which the reinforcement is placed into the compositenon-stressed state. A prestressing force is therefore introduced into the system without the use of large mechanical actuators, by providing SMAs. These materials thus do not need specialized electric equipments nor do they create safety problems in the field. Treatment can be applied at any time after hardening of matrix instead of during its curing and hardening. So the Long or short term prestressing is introduced by triggering the change in SMAs shape using temperature or electricity. The Future The development of true smart materials at the small atomic scale is still progressing a little, although the enabling technologies are under the development. These require the novel aspects of nanotechnology (technologies which are associated with materials and processes at the nanometre scale, 10-9m) and the newly developing science of shape chemistry. Worldwide, a considerable effort is being made to develop these smart materials and structures. The technological benefits of such types of systems have begun to be identified and, demonstrators are therefore under construction for a wide range of applications from space to aerospace, to civil engineering and to domestic products. In many of above, these applications, the cost benefit analyses of such systems are yet to be fully demonstrated. The Office of Science and Technologys Foresight Programme has recognised these types of systems as a strategic technology for the future, having considerable potential for creation of wealth through the development of various unknown products, and performance enhancing the existing products in a broad range of the industrial sectors. The concept of engineering materials and structures which respond to their own environment, including their human owners, is somewhat an alien concept. So it is therefore not only important that the technological and financial implications of these materials and structures are addressed, but also issues associated with public understanding and acceptance.Techno-democracy could only come about only through education and exposure of the general public to these technologies. However, such a general acceptance of smart materials and structures may in fact be more difficult than some of the technological hurdles which are associated with their development. A new smart materials process Multiple Memory Material Technology developed by University of Waterloo engineering researchers promises to revolutionize the manufacture of diverse products such as medical devices, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), printers, hard drives, automotive components, valves and actuators.

Marketing Plan for a Pest Control Company Essay

Executive Summary: One of the major tasks that need to be recognized by a pest control company is to create awareness among the business firms and the residents and to improve on the market offerings and services to deal with the problem of pests. The pests could include the rat control at domestic premises, bird control, household and nuisance pests which include cricket, ants, cockroaches, beetles; animal pests which include mice, snakes, stray dogs and cats; disease vectors like spiders, moths, bees, mosquitoes etc. The company should highlight its profile and indicate its presence and communicate to the target audience that they offer the pest control services at competitive prices than other service providers. Based on the customer satisfaction survey conducted it was clear that the level of satisfaction was lower and the areas which required improvement was in the follow up service, provide more detailed information about the product and allow better and faster response time. Thus the pest control company has to regularly carry out surveys on satisfaction and the needs and wants of the target groups. Environmental Analysis: The marketing plan needs to get insight into the health and environmental safety looking towards appropriate pest identification and its management along with concern towards storage of the pesticide, transportation, its usage and the disposal factor. The pest control company should identify and create awareness of the reduction of pesticide usage and to enhance the protection of the environment with minimum contamination of the environment by being economical which is possible only if the company identifies efficient pest management and control techniques there by complying to the necessary regulations and the laws. SWOT Analysis: The opportunities and threats which the pest control company will face are the probable dimensions and changes that the market will be affected by, the competitive forces and the buying dynamics of the consumers and identification of the target audience are the crucial factors which need to be considered and tapping upon the un-noticed market segment by keeping the eyes open and being focused. The weakness would be in terms of the double-income household sector whose availability and access to is difficult for the companies to approach during their business hours. Another weakness the company faces is on the pricing strategy where in based on the differences in the climate from place to place, the price will be fixed upon. Marketing Objectives: The pest control company’s main objective should be to define their target segment which could be the private house owners, private landlords, and private tenants, local business houses by increasing awareness among them by implementing a strong marketing and communication plan on the measures of pest control service that will help in protecting the goods, property, environment and public health from pests. The firm should also try to enhance upon their professionalism to ensure customer focused service and increase the customer satisfaction levels. Improve value for money and generate higher income for business houses or pest control service providers by not compromising upon the highest quality within the limits of the budget and the financial constraints. Marketing Strategies: In order to hatch upon a good marketing plan the pest control company needs to learn the fine art of selling their services. The firm initially can start with cross marketing which involves educating the present clients or customers about the added offerings so that no extra costs are incurred on marketing and the existing clientele will indeed help in getting most of the business. The firm will focus upon the current marketing channels and adopt a concentrated marketing effort which includes websites,  Ã‚   advertisements, logos on trucks, making a thorough presentation to the target audiences by identifying the right kind of message that needs to be positioned in their minds. Some additional strategies that could be adopted are: Use Traditional methods: Market the add-on services on the yellow pages of the directory, running on newspaper or radio ads or leaflets / flyers or billboards. Network Marketing: This is a strong marketing technique which deals with reaching out to the references provided of other businesses or house owners by either distributing postcards and leaflets and coupons to every customers irrespective of their need so that at least when they spread the word of mouth publicity is guaranteed. Personal Approach to train and demonstrate the masses: Setting up meetings, workshops, presentations, seminars with the prospective clients at various clubs and organizations would depict the authenticity of the marketing approach. Need Identification and Be Focused: The Company should identify on its own if any group of the target market require the pest control mechanism to be implemented which will give a positive impressions to the audiences that they will be provided with proper after sales support. Encouraging to have ones own website development for creating awareness with full of content and information can make the online business advance in its sales margin, provide wider choices to the consumers and deal with those who encountered lots of confusion by projecting strong messages with a catchy brand name and servicing their queries 24/7.

Current Events in Business Research Edit

Identifying Research Problem The first step and perhaps one of the most critical steps in carrying out cuisines research is to isolate and identify the problem. In the research study we are considering the problem identified is how a company can be assisted in accurately predicting short and long term sales forecasts by analyzing factors that affect the sales performance of its life insurance agents. By analyzing this data the goal is to produce a predictive model of agent and agency performance in an attempt to figure out the most important predictors of successful sales performance.This model would allow increased focus and training based on the predictors to maximize sales by the life insurance agents and their prospective agencies as a whole. Research Method Used The type of method used in the study is the reporting study type. Using this method the researchers considered characteristics of agents including formal education, professional education and various types of training us ed in the industry. The researchers also considered other studies in an effort to provided baseline and comparison models to use in helping develop their hypothesis.How Research is Solving the Problem This study went beyond what other studies failed to do, because it provided further analysis and comparative data to further study and investigate radioactivity. Much of the prior research seemed to only measure certain factors e. G. Behavioral, tenure, and education. This study looked at both sales and commissions for home service agents and regular agents because of the significance in number Of policyholders and leads.They study required data to be collected by contacting area agencies and having those agencies complete questionnaires on each of their sales agents with at least one year of contract. The final data was compiled from seven local agencies including Commonwealth Life Insurance Company and The Prudential Life Insurance to name a few. The study described its weakness for data that was often time hard to evaluate and not readily available or hard to measure. For instance, the study about agents with formal education, professional education and specific training showed no effect on production.The benefit of the study was that it was able to analyze possible factors that were believed to have an effect on an insurance agent's productivity. The approach of this study used two research techniques. It used basic a reporting study that summarized data to compare findings on the topic collecting their own independent analysis and used only data that was objective. The article referenced previous studies and data available on the subject, and then relied on its own findings and research. Over the years there had been research that suggested other causal affects of an agent's productivity.In this effect the study also used explanatory research because it compared prior studies and looked at the hypothesis that caused the inability to increase productivity. Th e study required data to be collected by contacting area agencies and having those agencies complete questionnaires on each of their sales agents with at least one year of contract. The final data was compiled from seven coal agencies including Commonwealth Life Insurance Company and The Prudential Life Insurance to name a few.

Causal Beliefs Of The Public And Social Acceptance Of...

Schomerus, G., Malschinger, H., Angermeyer, M. C. (2014). Causal beliefs of the public and social acceptance of persons with mental illness: A comparative analysis of schizophrenia, depression and alcohol dependence. Psychological Medicine, 44, 303-314. The present study completed by Schomerus, Malschinger, Angermeyer (2014) set out to examine how perceptions and beliefs about individuals with mental health disorders may be improved by â€Å"biological illness explanations† (p. 303). According to the authors, previous research examining the association â€Å"between causal beliefs and social acceptance† (p. 303) had hoped that by increasing understanding of the biological causes of these mental health disorders would increase acceptance. (Schomerus et al., 2014). However, previous literature has shown that though the general understanding of mental health issues has increased, this knowledge has not led to significant improvements in social acceptance (Schomerus et al., 2014). In the reviewed study, the authors used path model analysis in conjunction with factor analysis to investigate a number of potential theoretical explanation related to perceptions of individuals suffering from â€Å"schizophrenia, depression, and alcohol dependence† (Schomerus et al., 2014, p. 303). However, Schomerus et al. (2014) state that no scale for measuring different factors within causal beliefs existed, so a scale was developed. This review will focus on this scale development. Schomerus et al. (2014)Show MoreRelatedThe Movie A Beautiful Mind 993 Words   |  4 PagesStruggling with mental issues is extremely hard on the people affected by these conditions as well as their families. These struggles are only worsen by the lack of public’s literacy on some of these conditions or lack of sensitivity towards them; resulting on a steep sociocultural mountain for the mentally ill to climb. As a result, many of the affected population feel hopeless and many times misunderstood by those whom have no idea of the struggles associate with their conditions. UnfortunatelyRead MoreSociology : Science As X3860 Words   |  16 Pagesof biological, psychological, and social factors that shape the environment we live in, our behavioral tendencies, our place in society, our attitudes towards others and vice versa, and our self-concept. I have noticed how the classifications of people based on the factors listed above affect those who are so classified. And more specifically, I have wondered, what role does science play in this process? Science has been a dominant factor in determining our beliefs about practically anything and everythingRead MoreOnline Support Group s Mission Or Purpose?1592 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the online support group’s mission or purpose? (list only once) (2 pts) My primary interest lies in the field of combat related PTSD and military mental health. Surprisingly, there has not been many online support groups that non-military person can join, where the veterans would share their experience as PTSD suffers. The one I decided to join can be found on the military.com website that serves as a platform for different forums. I joined â€Å"The Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - InformationRead MoreThe Legal System Worldwide and The Insanity Defense Essay2519 Words   |  11 Pageshave created the option of an insanity defense for those who have a mental disease or disorder. On the other hand, the community seems to believe that the insanity defense is being overused by criminals as an escape of imprisonment. Through this literature review I will try to prove whether these common beliefs are true and how easily can the criminals use such a defense. First I will show what kind of misperceptions the public holds by analyzing Borum and Fulero (199 9) and Eric Silver et al. (1994)Read MoreThe Sociological and Psychological Perspective to Child and Family Health in the Wider Context.3655 Words   |  15 PagesIt will also have reference to the bio-psycho- social model and its connection from social and psychological perspectives of children’s experience to their health and illness. It will also cover the importance of promoting optimum health and well being within the nursery for both child and parent. To begin with some people believe that we, as humans, are complex systems and that illness is caused by a multitude of factors and not by a single causal factor (Banyard 1996 pp 29-31). This approachRead MoreThe Relevancy of Diminished Responsibility Essay3509 Words   |  15 Pagessentencing. To many the idea of a person having diminished responsibility to a crime is a problem at an emotional and rational level : after all we often do not agree what the mind is ! Some see the defence as a conspiracy of the legal and medical professions to release increasingly guilty offenders into the community and that this conspiracy is driven by money and socialists. Victims and their relatives certainly take a dim view of the mental defences and see society inRead MoreAmerican Prison Systems: Do They Really Work?4530 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿American Prison Systems: Do They Really Work? Introduction: A History of American Prison Systems Prisons were among the first public buildings erected in the New World, and were considered as essential as a cemetery in every town (Lynch, n.d.). However, colonial American prisons were not houses of punishment, as they would later evolve to be (Lynch, n.d). A person who committed a crime was sent to prison only while awaiting trial, and after the trial was complete, the sentence would entail somethingRead MorePublic Health Paper12265 Words   |  50 PagesFrom past to present; the changing focus of public health by Maria Joyce Key sections include: Environment, infectious disease, locating public health, the enlightenment, the Sanitarians, national provision of services, the inception of the National Health Service, ‘crisis in health’, The New Right, The Third Way, new public health. Public health, the new ideology may be taken to mean the promotion of healthy lifestyles linked to behaviour and individual responsibility supported by governmentRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pagesbecause they have a lot more co-morbidities that need to be treated. Being brought to the ED is extremely expensive. Critical interventions are very costly, and so are all the diagnostic tests that must be done. They usually don’t have insurance. High mental heath issues in the homeless population. High risk for infections, trauma, violence. Don’t age very well. Where do they seek health care services? (pg. 425, Effects of Homeless on Health) Health care is usually crisis oriented and sought in emergencyRead MoreResearch Paper on Health5553 Words   |  23 Pagesspecial attention the world over. Women in India especially those in rural areas bearing double burden on their shoulders, have never publicly voiced their concern over health needs. Even in urban areas where infrastructures and physical access to public health services is relatively far better, women get a raw deal. Even women’s general health needs do not get the necessary attention. Many studies have indicated that women carry a high burden of chronic ailments in the absence of care or total neglect