Investigatory Project in Biology - 1650 Words

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHILI (CAPSICUM ANNUM) EXTRACT An Investigatory Research Presented to Mrs. Presented by CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study . Capsicum annuum is a domesticated species of the plant genus Capsicum native to southern North America and northern South America. Chili has been a part of the human diet in the Americas since at least 7500 BC. There is archaeological evidence at sites located in southwestern Ecuador that chili peppers were domesticated more than 6000 years ago and is one of the first cultivated crops in the Central and South Americas that is†¦show more content†¦annuum is especially productive in warm and dry climates. The single flowers are an off-white (sometimes purplish) color whilst the stem is densely branched and up to 60 centimetres (24 in) tall. When ripe, the fruit may be green, yellow or red. In American English the plant is commonly known as a chili pepper or bell pepper. Sweet peppers are very often used as a bulking agent in cheap ready made meals/take-away food as they are cheap, have a strong flavour, and are colorful. The colorful aspect of peppers increases the visual appeal of the food, making it more appetizing. Capsaicin, a chemical found in chili peppers, creates a burning sensation once ingested which can last for several hours after ingestion. In British English, the sweet varieties are called red or green peppers, and the hot varieties chillies whereas in Australian and Indian English the name capsicum is commonly used for bell peppers exclusively and chilli is often used to encompass the hotter varieties. Uses of Capsicum Annuum The species is a source of popular sweet peppers and hot chilis with numerous varieties cultivated all around the world. Hot peppers are used in medicine in Africa and other countries. It is employed in medicine, in combination with Cinchona in intermittent and lethargic affections, and also in atonic gout, dyspepsia accompaniedShow MoreRelatedInvestigatory Project Repellent1716 Words   |  7 Pages * Investigatory Project â€Å" Kaymito Leaves Decoction As Antiseptic Mouthwash † INVESTIGATORY PROJECT KAYMITO LEAVES DECOCTION AS ANTISEPTIC MOUTHWASH Submitted by: Ronnel S. Pinote I- INTRODUCTION A. Background of the... Premium * How To Make Investigatory Project Make An Investigatory Project Sample Format: # Abstract After finishing the research and experimentation, you are required to write a (maximum) 250-word... Premium * On Investigatory Projects In Science investigatory projects in scienceRead MoreReflective Journal on Field Study I2512 Words   |  11 Pagesthe professor is already watching them. 02-14-’13 Activity: Investigatory Project Activity The professor is out for the day because of the JS Promenade but he leaves the students the activity of discussing their investigatory project. Students were asked by the student teachers to further improve their investigatory project. Reflection: The students’ variations show when the teacher is out. Others tend their investigatory project while others chat. Students’ diversity, the difference of theirRead MoreEffectiveness of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Marginatus) as an Ingredient of a Insect Repellent Fabric Conditioner2371 Words   |  10 PagesCebu City National Science High School Salvador St., Labangon Cebu City Effectiveness of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon marginatus) as an ingredient of a insect repellent fabric conditioner In partial fulfillment of the course Integrative Biology Submitted by: Homecillo, Danielle S. Calumpang, Claire R. Pleà ±os, Claire Y. Submitted to: Mrs. Alita Labiaga Abstract Insect repellents are essentially needed these days. The frequent occurrences of floods nowadays lead to the increasing cases of DengueRead MoreKamias2516 Words   |  11 PagesMaranatha Christian Academy Imus Chapter KAMIAS ( Averrhoa bilimbi) Extract as BROWNING INHIBITOR An Investigatory Project Presented to the Faculty of High School Department (Science Department) In Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements in Science III (Chemistry) By Dela Cruz, Jean Gabrielle Baker, Louise Mae 3rd yr – Justice March 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Recommendation sheet †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦...ii Approval sheet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.iii Acknowledgements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreChalk Out of Seashells1432 Words   |  6 Pageson its quality and strength. Data on the successful product were tested and was finished accurately. Results showed that the said finished product, made from seashells, is comparable in terms of  appearance  and quality. I hereby certify the above project is the result of my work done in my research. ______________________ ___________________________ NAME DATE CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study More people used to collect seashells for fun  andRead MoreScience Investigatory Project3244 Words   |  13 Pages Rhoy M. Capul Ma. Michelle Carmel O. Aquino Alia Jenine S. Caceres San Pablo City National High School San Pablo City Mrs. Glory M. Serrano Research Adviser A Science Investigatory Project in fulfillment of Research project S.Y. 2010-2011 Abstract The pineapple is one of the leading products in the Philippines, as it thrives in tropical climates. However, the pineapple peelings have low commercial value and are therefore merely thrown away

Essay Management and Operations Management Theory

Management and Operations Management Theory ABSTRACT This paper defines the four functions of management and the operations management theory. It then provides an analysis of how the functions of management the operations management. THE FOUR FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT Planning: It is an act of formulating a program for a definitive course of action. The management defines a goal and puts forward its strategies to accomplish the objectives defined. Organizing: To divide the work force into specific groups and giving each group a specific task. Organizing also involves ensuring that a smooth flow of information and co-ordination exists between these groups. Thus the basic aim of organizing is to simply divide the work load and†¦show more content†¦This is one of the main factors that would secure the sale of the product. Primarily the organization should work towards designing a product that would have demand in the market. Producing something that is already provided a large number of companies is generally not a very good idea. The aim should always be to provide something unique, if not then the top most quality at the cheapest rates should be provided. In practical this is seen in the case of Japan, who in a small time frame has successfully produced low-priced yet high quality products as compared to other competitors from across the globe. [John N. Pearson, Jeffrey S. Bracker, Richard E. White] Logistics and evaluations are yet another important face in the field of operations management. It is important to rightfully handle an operation and evaluate the progress and the errors that need to be corrected in an operation. Evaluations can range from improving the time consumed, all the way to the problems faced by the labor. However there are some problems with operations management, one of them being the fact that everything tends to change continuously. â€Å"There are many reasons for this, but they all boil down to the four basic programmatic variables of scope, schedule, resources, and cost. When viewed in the present, it is widely recognized that a change in any one of these variables (and they are variables) will have a corresponding effort on theShow MoreRelatedManagement and Operations Management Theory1282 Words   |  6 PagesABSTRACT This paper defines the four functions of management and the operations management theory. It then provides an analysis of how the functions of management the operations management. THE FOUR FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT Planning: It is an act of formulating a program for a definitive course of action. The management defines a goal and puts forward its strategies to accomplish the objectives defined. Organizing: To divide the work force into specific groups and giving each group a specificRead MoreScientific Management: Taylor and the Gilbreths1254 Words   |  6 PagesScientific Management: Taylor and the Gilbreths Scientific management focuses on improving efficiency and output through scientific studies of workers processes. 1. fig. 1 Frederick Winslow Taylor Frederick Winslow Taylor is considered the creator of scientific management. * Scientific management, or Taylorism, is a management theory that analyzes work flows to improve economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. This management theory,  developed by Frederick Winslow TaylorRead MoreOperations Management Paper1329 Words   |  6 Pagesto the Field of Management NAME Amberton University Operations Management MGT5203.E1 Teacher June 13, 2011 MGT5203 Assignment 1 - Contributions to the Field of Management What is operations management? Operations management is the management of processes that create goods and/or services which is the core to any business. (Stevenson, 2012) Operations involves leading within several operational duties such as: service design, process selection, selection and management of technology, designRead MoreManagement Thoughts and Theories1727 Words   |  7 PagesMANAGEMENT THOUGHTS AND THEORIES The industrial revolution, which began in Europe in mid-1700s, was the starting point for the development of management concepts and theories. PRECLASSICAL CONTRIBUTORS TO MANAGENENT THOUGHT Name Period Contribution Robert Owen 1771- 1858 Proposed legislative reforms to improve working conditions of labor Charles Babbage 1792-1871 Advocated the concept of ‘division of labor; devised a profit-sharing plan which led to the modern-day Scanlon Plan AndrewRead MoreFactors affecting women entrepreneurs success1224 Words   |  5 Pages1-1 Introduction to Operations Management Operations Management William J. Stevenson 1-2 Introduction to Operations Management Operations Management Figure 1.1 The management of systems or processes that create goods and/or provide services Organization Finance Operations Marketing 1-3 Introduction to Operations Management What Do Operations Managers Do? †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ What is ‘Operations’? †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ a function or system that transforms inputs into outputsRead MoreApplying Social Technical Theory in Knowledge Management (Km)1058 Words   |  5 PagesApplying Social Technical Theory in Knowledge Management (KM) The theme of my paper pertains to the application of Social Technical Theory in Knowledge Management. Technology has changed the operation of business organizations around the world. Applying socio-technical theories in knowledge management advances the ability of one organization to rapidly disseminate and share information vital to the fast, sophisticated and highly demanding information technology superhighway. Timely andRead MoreOperation Management1673 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Operations Management? Operation Management is concerned with any productive activity, whether manufacturing or service, in public sector or private sector, profit making or not profit making. It is concerned with ensuring that operations are carried out both efficiently and effectively. All mangers are operations managers since all functions within an organization are, presumably, productive activates it goes without saying that all function should be carried out efficiently and effectivelyRead MoreManagement Theories And Management Theory1003 Words   |  5 PagesManagement Theories Management theory can be used in many organizations when starting out a business. It addresses how managers and leaders relate to their organization in the knowledge of their goals. It implements on how to set the goals and motivate their employees to perform in a high standard. 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Research Findings Practice and Skills †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Research Findings Practice and Skills. Answer: Introduction: The relationship here is described from two perspectives, one of which says that the relationship between the leader and the led is based on the framework of exchange relationship whereas the other perspective reveals that the relationship is essentially emotional. According to the first perspective the leader makes his people aware of the link between the efforts put into the organization and the reward they receive for their efforts (Goleman, 2017). This perspective according to Hollander has been described as transactional, because of clear identified transactions between the leader and the employees. In this case, the leader is considered to be a diagnostician who with due diligence acknowledges the needs and expectations of the subordinates and responds them accordingly (Heifetz Linsky, 2017). However, transactional leadership is flawed to certain extent, as it has ramifications for the employees who do not perform according to the standards of organization. This type of leader ship divides the organization into two halves, which is extremely bad culture set up. The second perspective can be related to charismatic and inspirational style of leadership, herein the leader drives emotions amongst its employees and motivates them to go and work beyond the framework of give and take relationship. Plethora of writers and experts have described characteristic of such leaders so powerful that they can drive emotions beyond any framework, so much so that the people are willing to sacrifice anything. This type of leadership is pivotal in taking organization to the Zenith of success, create disruption in the existing industry norms and introduce revolutionary product and services for the society, some examples of such leaders are Steve Jobs, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jack Welch(DuBrin, 2015). It has been pointed out that leaders have to be authoritative, however it is a negative word, and the leaders have to be inspirational and visionary for the sustainability of the organization and its employees. Transactional leadership which is based on the instrumental exchange relations and emotion-rousing leadership which is based on the attribute of transference, attribution and projection needs a thorough analysis to understand each one of them in the light of relevancy. It is known that in an organization employees are arranged in a hierarchy hence need motivation according to the level of hierarchy. Maslows hierarchy theory which is also the need theory motivates people according to their levels in hierarchy. A leader has to assess what is the need of the individual and what would motivate him to reach the goals set up for him (Priest Gass, 2017). Maslow theory clearly states, with a few exception that when one need of the person gets fulfilled he gradually moves to another level of needs. For example on satisfying the Psychological needs, one move towards the society needs and so on, the implication for the leaders is to assess the needs of the employee and motivate him accordingly (McCleskey, 2014). In certain organization, where employees feel secure and their psychological needs are satisfied, in such type of organizations transactional leadership is exercised. Vrooms expectancy theory goes down well with the above mentioned claim, the better is the ability of the leader to diagnose the expectation, the more effective his leadership style becomes. Unlike in other cases, where employees are threatened for their position and are not secure, in such instances, mechanism of projections, transference and attribution directs the leaders to be more emotional, understand the concerns of the employees and act accordingly. An important observation has been made between the leadership and the led according to the distance between them. It has been pointed that greater the distance between the leader and the led, they have less information, hence they are more active in competing through the schema of attributions and projection, while in the case where distance is less, it is other way a round(Gorman Messal, 2017). In order to conclude the above mentioned analysis, it can be said that the shorter the distance between the leader and the led, leader is seen more often, judged and evaluated critically on his behaviour, thinking and professionalism. Whereas, the greater the distance between the leader, the employees dont judge or evaluate him on his thinking and behaviour, but evaluates according to their projection, fantasy or schema. Thus, leadership is a very personal and emotional concept, people have different traits which makes them a leader, which differ from each other, in the end what clicks for the organization is the essence of leadership for that particular organization(Mittal Dhar, 2015). Transactional leadership is said to be highly responsive in its approach and it deals with the present situation at hand, it is a clear case of give and take scenario, the people who perform are rewarded, while the others who do not perform are treated badly. This however is not a good sign for a healthy organizational culture; it separates good employees from bad. Ideally, the people who are not performing should be motivated to perform; this can be done either through some form of training or by showing them the biggest picture or their career path in the organization (Muenjohn Armstrong, 2015). Charismatic leadership, which was portrayed by Steve jobs at Apple, is seen as a reflection of Projection, attribution and transference by the people who are following such leaders. The image of leaders is the true reflection of the employees about the leadership. This type of leaders is extremely organic in nature and cannot be at any cost adapted or acquired. Charismatic leadership arises out of the circumstances, in such type of leadership the distance between the leaders and led is much higher, this gives the leader a space to invent and work on his ideas, ideas which can shape the future of the present industry and cause disruption. Transformational leadership on the other hand uses the best of all the forms of leadership and is highly proactive in nature. Jeff Bezos, the present visionary and leader of Amazon practices transformational leadership. He exercises this leadership to empower its employees, sets higher expectation for the organization and the employees and sets aside a clear roadmap to reach the set goal. This is the contemporary form of leadership which is being used in the organization; leaders have realized the importance of employees and empower them to reach their goals which are in perfect alignment with those of the organization. To conclude, the literature here has explained leadership in the light of the distance between the leader and led, emotional connection with the employees and based on the attributes of transference, attribution and projection mechanism for the leader. However, Transformational leadership style fits all the above mentioned criteria and also uses the Maslow need theory to motivate the employees creating a highly successful and goal oriented organization. References Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E (2017).Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. DuBrin, A.J (2015).Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Goleman, D (2017).Leadership That Gets Results (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press. Gorman, C.A. and Messal, C.A (2017). Inspiring the Helpful Self: How Transformational Leadership Motivates Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Heifetz, R. and Linsky, M (2017).Leadership on the Line, With a New Preface: Staying Alive Through the Dangers of Change. Harvard Business Press. McCleskey, J.A (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), p.117. Mittal, S. and Dhar, R.L (2015). Transformational leadership and employee creativity: mediating role of creative self-efficacy and moderating role of knowledge sharing.Management Decision,53(5), pp.894-910. Muenjohn, N. and Armstrong, A (2015). Transformational leadership: The influence of culture on the leadership behaviours of expatriate managers.international Journal of Business and information,2(2). Northouse, P.G (2018).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Priest, S. and Gass, M (2017).Effective Leadership in Adventure Programming, 3E. Human Kinetics.

Should Death Penalty Be Mandatory free essay sample

Have you ever thought about if the person next to you is a killer or rapist? If the person is, what would you want from the government if the person had killed someone you know? The person should receive the death penalty! Murders and rapists should be punished for the crimes they had committed and should pay the price for their wrong doing. Having the death penalty in our society is humane; it helps the overcrowding problem and gives relief to the families of the victims, who had to go through an event such as murder. First, people should know the history of the death penalty. The death penalty has a long history dating back to the 16th century B. C, during the time of Jesus Christ . The execution by year increased in the US. It has been a steady increase up until the 1930s later the death penalty dropped to zero in the 1970 and the again rose steadily. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Death Penalty Be Mandatory? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page US citizens said that the death penalty was unconstitutional even so it was believed that it was â€Å"cruel and unusual† punishment. The executions yearly kept dropping to zero and raising again until June 1972, the death penalty was suspended because the existing laws were no longer convincing. However, four years after that occurred, several cases came about in Georgia, Florida and Texas where lawyers wanted death penalty. That set a new law in those stated and later on the Supreme Court decided that the death penalty was constitutional under the eighth amendment. There also has been the problem of overcrowding in prison and jails. Some people say that this is a problem but having more jails built will solve this problem. Having more prisons or jails built may help solve the problem however the death penalty effectively stop draining more money from the taxpayers to house murderers. These murders get three warm meals a day; they do nothing all day, and have a place to sleep just because the taxpayers fund these facilities. Murders on death row do not deserve to receive a place to stay. They deserve to acquire their life taken away from them because of the atrocious crimes that these criminals have done. Several countries use the death penalty, including china, Iraq, Iran, U. S. A. AND Saudi Arabia. In the united stated, twelve of the states do not allow the death sentence. The twelve states are Michigan , Wisconsin , Maine , Minnesota , north Dakota , Hawaii , Iowa , west Virginia, Massachusetts , Rhode island , and Vermont. These states say it is inhumane to kill someone however, I believe if a murder kills someone they should be killed as well. Less than one percent of murderers are sentenced to death, while only two percent of death row inmate are executed. Many people stated that the death penalty does not even help because there are not enough people being executed. One major way the death penalty helps is that it could relieve a family, if someone is murdered and the convicted criminal is put to death. The death penalty is good because the inmates, who deserve to be killed, should be killed. This is a circular argument, which is a logical fallacy. A circular argument is when someone reaches a conclusion because it is true by not proven by facts, in other words the argument chases it is own tails. I believe that if the people are just going in a circular argument then there is no way that, the people will gain ground to get rid of the death .

Ancient Persian Rulers Timeline (Modern Iran)

Ancient Persian Rulers Timeline (Modern Iran) In ancient history, there were 3 main dynasties that controlled ancient Persia, a western name for the area that is modern Iran: Achaemenids, Parthians, and Sasanids. There was also a period when the Hellenistic Macedonian and Greek successors of Alexander the Great, known as Seleucids, ruled Persia. Early mention of the area is from Assyria c. 835 B.C., when the Medes occupied the Zagros Mountains. The Medes gained control of an area extending from the Zagros Mountains to include Persis, Armenia, and eastern Anatolia. In 612, they captured the Assyrian city of Ninevah. Here are the rulers of ancient Persia, by dynasty, based on Dynasties of the World, by John E. Morby; Oxford University Press, 2002. Achaemenid Dynasty 559-530 - Cyrus the Great529-522 - Cambyses (son)522 - Smerdis (Bardiya) (brother)521-486 - Darius I, the Great485-465 - Xerxes I (son)464-424 - Artaxerxes I, Longimanus (son)424 - Xerxes II (son)424 - Sogdianus (brother)423-405 - Darius II, Nothus (brother)404-359 - Artaxerxes II, Mnemon (son)358-338 - Artaxerxes III (Ochus) (son)337-336 - Artaxerxes IV ( Arses) (son)335-330 - Darius III (Codomannus) (great-grandson of Darius II) Macedonian Conquest of the Persian Empire 330 Seleucids 305-281 B.C. - Seleucus I Nicator281-261 - Antiochus I Soter261-246 - Antiochus II Theos246-225 - Seleucus II Callinicus Parthian Empire - Arsacid Dynasty 247-211 - Arsaces I (conquered Parthia c. 238)211-191 - Arsaces II (son)191-176 - Priapatius (son)176-171 - Phraates I (son)171-138 - Mithridates I (brother)138-128 - Phraates II (son)128-123 - Artabanus I (son of Priapatius)123-87 - Mithridates II, the Great (son)90-80 - Gotarzes I80-77 - Orodes I77-70 - Sinatruces70-57 - Phraates III (son)57-54 - Mithridates III (son)57-38 - Orodes II (brother)38-2 - Phraates IV (son)2-AD 4 - Phraates V (son)4-7 - Orodes III7-12 - Vonones I (son of Phraates IV)12-38 - Artabanus II38-45 - Vardanes I (son)45-51 - Gotarzes II (brother)51 - Vonones II51-78 - Vologases I (son or brother)55-58 - Vardanes II77-80 - Vologases II78-110 - Pacorus (son of Vologases I)80-90 - Artabanus III (brother)109-129 - Osroes112-147 - Vologases III129-147 - Mithridates IV147-191 - Vologases IV191-208 - Vologases V (son)208-222 - Vologases VI (son)213-224 - Artabanus IV (brother) Sasanid Dynasty 224-241 - Ardashir I241-272 - Shapur I (son; co-regent 240)272-273 - Hormizd I (son)273-276 - Bahram I (brother)276-293 - Bahram II (son)293 - Bahram III (son; deposed)293-302 - Narseh (son of Shapur I)302-309 - Hormizd II (son)310-379 - Shapur II (son)379-383 - Ardashir II (nephew)383-388 - Shapur III (son of Shapur II)388-399 - Bahram IV (son)399-420 - Yazdgard I (son)420-438 - Bahram V, the Wild Ass (son)438-457 - Yazdgard II (son)457-459 - Hormizd III (son)459-484 - Peroz I (brother)484-488 - Balash (brother)488-497 - Kavad I (son of Peroz; deposed)497-499 - Zamasp (brother)499-531 - Kavad I (restored)531-579 - Khusrau I, Anushirvan (son)579-590 - Hormizd IV (son; deposed)590-591 - Bahram VI, Chbn (usurper; deposed)590-628 - Khusrau II, the Victorious (son of Hormizd IV; deposed and died 628)628 - Kavad II, Shiroe (son)628-630 - Ardashir III (son)630 - Shahrbaraz (usurper)630-631 - Boran (daughter of Khusrau II)631 - Peroz II (cousin)631-632 - Azarmedukht (daughter of Khusrau II) 632-651 - Yazdgard III (nephew) 651 - Arab Conquest of the Sasanid Empire At the end of the ancient period, war with Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire weakened the Persians enough that the Arabs gained control.

Top 5 Supreme Court Scandals

Top 5 Supreme Court Scandals If your knowledge of Supreme Court scandals begins and ends with the tumultuous Senate confirmation process of Justice Brett Kavanaugh in October 2018, you will either be relieved or horrified to learn that he was by no means the first jurist with a less-than-pristine reputation. From the judge who refused to listen to cases argued by women, to a former KKK member, bad behavior on the nations highest court is not that uncommon. Here are a few of the juiciest scandals.   Supreme Court Fast Facts The Supreme Court is the highest court in the federal judicial system of the United States.The Supreme Court is composed of nine judges, including eight Associate Justices and the Chief Justice of the United States. Supreme Court justices are nominated by the President of the United States with the approval of the United States Senate. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction (right to consider) over all federal and state court decisions dealing with questions of constitutional or statutory law, as well as original jurisdiction over lawsuits between the states.The Court also has the power of judicial review, the authority to overturn laws that violate the Constitution or unlawful acts of the executive branch. Wishing Washington Dead, Justice Rutledge Gets the Boot Appointed by President George Washington in 1789, John Rutledge was one of the Supreme Court’s first justices. He was also the first and so-far only justice to be kicked off the court. In June 1795, Washington issued a â€Å"recess appointment† temporarily making Rutledge Chief Justice. But when the Senate reconvened in December 1795, it rejected Rutledge’s nomination because of what John Adams called his â€Å"Disorder of the Mind.† Still not recovered from the unexpected death of his wife in 1792, Rutledge gave a rant-filled speech on July 16, 1795, in which he reportedly suggested that it would be best if Washington died rather than sign the Jay Treaty with England. In Justice Rutledge’s case, that was where the Senate drew the line. Justice McReynolds, the Equal-Opportunity Bigot Justice James Clark McReynolds served on the court from 1914 to 1941. After he died in 1946, not a single other living current or former justice attended his funeral. Reason being, they had all come to hate his guts. Justice McReynolds, it seems, had established himself as an unabashed bigot and all-around hater. A vocal anti-Semite, his other favorite targets included African Americans, Germans, and women. Whenever Jewish Justice Louis Brandeis spoke, McReynolds would leave the room. Of Jews, he once declared, â€Å"For 4,000 years the Lord tried to make something out of Hebrews, then gave it up as impossible and turned them out to prey on mankind in general- like fleas on the dog.† He would often refer to African Americans as â€Å"ignorant,† possessing â€Å"but a small capacity for radical improvement.† And in the rare (in those days) event a woman attorney appeared to argue a case before the court, McReynolds would exclaim, â€Å"I see the female is here ag ain,† before grandly gathering his robe and leaving the bench. Justice Hugo Black, Ku Klux Klan Leader Though widely recognized as a staunch supporter of civil liberties during his 34 years on the bench, Justice Hugo Black was once an organizing member of the Ku Klux Klan, even recruiting and swearing in new members. Though he had left the organization by the time President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed him to the Supreme Court in August 1937, public knowledge of Black’s KKK history resulted in a political firestorm. Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black. Getty Images Archive On October 1, 1937, less than two months after taking his seat on the court, Justice Black was forced to give an unprecedented nationwide radio address to explain himself. In a speech heard by an estimated 50 million Americans, he said in part, â€Å"I did join the Klan. I later resigned. I never rejoined,† adding, â€Å"Before becoming a Senator I dropped the Klan. I have had nothing to do with it since that time. I abandoned it. I completely discontinued any association with the organization. I have never resumed it and never expect to do so.† Hoping to reassure African Americans, Black said, â€Å"I number among my friends many members of the colored race. Certainly, they are entitled to the full measure of protection accorded by our Constitution and our laws.† However, in 1968, Black argued in favor of limiting the scope of the Civil Rights Act as it applied to the protection of the rights of activists and protesters, writing â€Å"unfortunately there are so me who think that Negroes should have special privileges under the law.† Justice Fortas Denies Taking Bribes but Still Quits Justice Abe Fortas suffered a fatal flaw for judges. He liked to take bribes. Appointed to the Supreme Court by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965, Fortas had already faced serious allegations of improperly promoting LBJ’s political career while serving on the highest court in the land. Things got a lot worse for Justice Fortas in 1969, when it was revealed that he had accepted a secret legal retainer from his former friend and client, infamous Wall Street financier Louis Wolfson. Under their agreement, Wolfson was to pay Fortas $20,000 a year for life in return for special help and â€Å"consultation† during his pending trial on charges of securities fraud. Whatever Fortas did to help Wolfson failed. He ended up in federal prison and Fortas saw the handwriting on the wall. Though he always denied taking Wolfson’s money, Abe Fortas became the first and so far only Supreme Court justice to resign under threat of impeachment on May 15, 1969. Clarence Thomas, Anita Hill, and the NAACP The two most-watched TV events of 1991 were probably the First Gulf War and the Clarence Thomas vs. Anita Hill Supreme Court Senate confirmation hearings. Spanning 36 days, the bitterly fought hearings centered on accusations that Thomas had sexually harassed attorney Anita Hill when she had worked for him at the Department of Education and the EEOC. In her testimony, Hill vividly described a series of instances in which she claimed Thomas made sexual and romantic advances toward her, despite her repeated demands that he stop. Thomas and his Republican backers contended Hill and her supporters had made the whole thing up to prevent President Ronald Reagan from placing a conservative African American judge, who might vote to weaken civil rights laws, on the Supreme Court. Justice Clarence Thomas During Senate Hearings. Corbis Historical / Getty Images In his testimony, Thomas vehemently denied the allegations, stating, â€Å"This is not an opportunity to talk about difficult matters privately or in a closed environment. This is a circus. It’s a national disgrace.† He went on to liken the hearings to â€Å"a high-tech lynching for uppity blacks who in any way deign to think for themselves, to do for themselves, to have different ideas, and it is a message that unless you kowtow to an old order, this is what will happen to you. You will be lynched, destroyed, caricatured by a committee of the U.S. Senate rather than hung from a tree.† On October 15, 1991, the Senate confirmed Thomas by a vote of 52–48. Justice Brett Kavanaugh Overcomes Sexual Assault Claims People who remembered Clarence Thomas and Anita Hill probably got feelings of dà ©j vu watching the Senate confirmation hearings of Justice Brett Kavanaugh in October 2018. Soon after the hearings began, the Judiciary Committee was told that research psychologist Dr. Christine Blasey Ford had formally accused Kavanaugh of sexually assaulting her at a fraternity party in 1982 when she was in high school. In her testimony, Ford claimed that a visibly drunken Kavanaugh had forced her into a bedroom where he pinned her on a bed while attempting to remove her clothes. Expressing her fear that Kavanaugh was going to rape her, Ford added, â€Å"I thought he might inadvertently kill me.† Brett Kavanaugh Sworn In As 114th Supreme Court Justice. Getty Images News In his rebuttal testimony, Kavanaugh angrily denied Ford’s allegations while accusing Democrats in general- and the Clintons specifically- of attempting â€Å"a calculated and orchestrated political hit, fueled with apparent pent-up anger about President Trump and the 2016 election.† After a controversial supplemental FBI investigation found no evidence proving Ford’s claim, the Senate voted 50-48 to confirm Kavanaugh’s nomination on October 6, 2018. Sources and Further Reference Flanders, Henry. The Life of John Rutledge. J.B. Lippincott Co.Glass, Andrew. Abe Fortas resigns from Supreme Court May 15, 1969. Politico (May 15, 2008)James C. McReynolds. Oyez Project Official Supreme Court media. Chicago Kent College of Law.The Thomas Nomination; Excerpts From Senates Hearings on the Thomas Nomination. The New York Times (1991)Pramuk, Jacob. Trump Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh categorically denies sexual misconduct accusation detailed in New Yorker report. CNBC (September 14, 2018)

OSHA violations for a hospital Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

OSHA violations for a hospital - Assignment Example However, in the United States of America, it has been proved that some organizations or facilities do not satisfactorily comply with the health and safety standards indicated in the Occupational Health and Safety Act (1970), (Singh, D. 2010). In March, 2013, an employ filed a complaint at the OSHA offices against the Health East Ambulatory Surgical Center in Englewood, New Jersey for a serious Sharps Safety Violations. Upon a thorough inspection by the OSHA officials, the facility was found to have seriously violated safety and health regulations. It was concluded that it has failed to adequately protect their employee from exposure to bloodborne pathogen hazards which had occurred as a result of the surgical procedure done within the facility. Besides, the organization was found to be liable for other violations including failing to have a written procedure, not involving non-managerial staff in the rescue process and failing to conduct a blood test on the staff member immediately after the incident. These were indeed, serious violations which would have resulted into death or serious physical bodily harm on the victimized staff. Because of this, Health East Ambulatory Surgical Center was fined a total of $68,000. I would like to emphasize that this was a very intentional occurrence. It would have been prevented if the management had strictly complied with the stipulated occupational heath and safety standards. For instance, if the employee would have been immediately attended to just after the accident, he would have been saved. However, the management never demonstrated any concern. Instead of collaborating with other staff members to offer immediate assistance to the employee, nothing was done so far thus, putting the life of this particular worker in danger. This was a high degree of negligence which had to be severely

Analysis of Small Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Analysis of Small Business - Assignment Example a) Indirect competitor: 17 b) Future competitor: 18 Recommendations 19 i. Systematisation: 20 ii. Web presence: 20 iii. Customers: 20 iv. Plan: 21 Conclusion 21 Reference 23 Bibliography 27 Introduction Small business enterprises play an important part in the economy if a country. Small businesses constitute the maximum business establishments in any country where the number of employees is less than 500. In developed countries the major portion of the business is occupied by the small business entities, whereas in developing economies it is seen as an opportunity to eliminate unemployment and poverty (Unido, 2004, p. 17). A small business enterprise is defined as an independent business entity. The small business entity is found not to be dominating the operations in its own field. A small business is different from the large business in context to its functionality and way of approaching the business market. The main objective of this research is to provide an insight about the small business. An analysis based on the strength and weakness of the small business enterprise will be part of the research. Moreover, the contribution and affect of the small business enterprises to the economy of a country will be analysed. Literature review Literature review plays an important part in any research based on a particular topic. The main focus of this research is to analyse the small business enterprises and their role in shaping the economy of a country.... The study on small businesses reveals that the owners of such enterprises do not prefer innovation or change in their functioning of business. Most of the small businesses are founded based on the established business models and practices (Stokes & Wilson, 2010, p. 34-35). Small firms are believed to have added large share of employment to a country’s economy. Most of the new jobs are added in services such as leisure and hospitality. In the study of small businesses it has been noted that most of the large enterprises faces stiff competition from the smaller firms. Though the competitions will not be matched in every aspect, still competition helps the small business firms to enhance their efficiency in terms of productivity (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor, 2011, p. 143-144). The small business enterprise is found to have certain important features which make it a different entity. The characteristics can be discussed below: Small businesses are managed in a personalised manner by th e owner of the business entity. The market share for such enterprises is small in comparison to the large business enterprises (Needham & Dransfield, 1994, p. 135). The owner holds all the power for making decision and implementing the same. The small business enterprises do not have any specific shape and size as they range from a coffee bar to a retail outlet. The large enterprise has no control over such enterprises which makes them independent in their operations. It has been noted that the number of employees in small business enterprises are significantly less than 500 or even lesser for construction business. The small business enterprises are no more confined to a particular location, but are rather going global. Globalisation has become the need of the hour and with the

Advantages and Disadvantages of Drugs Usage Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Drugs Usage Essay : Advantages and Disadvantages of Drugs Usage Good morning to our teacher Pn. Devi and our friends. I am chien yen. I am Wan Yi. We are honoured to give a talk on advantages and disadvantages of drug usage. I probably don’t have to work very hard to get people to see that there really is no right time, place, or situation to try drugs, but I’m going to try anyway. There are several different reasons why teens might turn to drugs . One of them could be that they just want to be social and have fun. Usually, it is in a social setting that teens first try drugs. The â€Å"teen years† is when most adolescents do their experimenting with different things, and this could also be another reason why they might try drugs. They also might be mislead to think that addiction couldn’t happen to them, so â€Å"I can stop whenever I want† is often an excuse. Another reason could be that they want to seem mature, or cool. Many teens think that using drugs make them seem more grown-up and confident, but in fact, it shows just how immature they are. By giving into peer pressure and not being able to think for themselves, the only thing they prove is that they are naive. Everybody knows that parents are big influence in child’s life, but sometimes children might feel pressured or controlled by their parents and decide to rebel against them. Using drugs is a very common way of rebelling because the parents might not even know that it’s going on right under their noses. School, friends, relationships, and many other things could also be adding to the stress of teens today, and the pressure alone might drive them to drugs because they think it’s comforting. The truth is that it adds more stress to their lives in the long run. There are many dangers that come along with drug use. The greatest danger is death, but there are several other risks and consequences that should definitely be taken into consideration. Drugs can cause addiction, brain damage, liver failure, and many other serious health problems. The use of drugs can also impact the user’s family and friends. They can be dragged into the user’s problem and get addicted themselves. The user could also end up being abandoned by his or her family and friends because nobody really wants to be around drug users. There are so many benefits that come along with a drug free lifestyle. I think most people probably already know the major benefit†¦ life. I believe life is too short to waste time worrying about the consequences of doing drugs. Teenagers are stressed enough these days with work, school, family, and friends that we don’t need any additional reasons to be stressed or feel overwhelmed. Life is hard sometimes, but the misconception that drugs will make it better just makes it that much worse. Another benefit of drug free lifestyle is having a completely functional brain. School is hard for many teenagers, and they have to struggle to get by, so add drugs into the equation, and it makes school that much harder. Then what happens if the person decides that school is too hard? They give up, and live the rest of their life poor because they never finished high school and can’t get a decent job. There’s also the fact that there would be a lost less money spent on medical bills. Tobacco causes cancer, alcohol causes liver problem, inhalants cause brain damage, and all of the other drugs have their health issues also. If they were no drugs, there wouldn’t be as many health problems. If there weren’t as many health problems, there wouldn’t be as much money spent at the hospital. If there was less money spent at the hospital, the doctors might be mad, but the person’s life would be so much better overall! Seriously, not doing drugs can prevent a number of health problems. Overall, there is never a right time, place, or situation to use drugs. Also, almost all the reasons that teens might use drugs are just misconceptions. This doesn’t only go got teenagers. Many adults use drugs , and the same risks apply to adult drug users.

A Structural and Vocabulary Analysis of John Donnes The Flea Essay

A Structural and Vocabulary Analysis of John Donne's "The Flea" In his poem "The Flea", John Donne shows his mastery in creating a work in which the form and the vocabulary have deliberately overlapping significance. The poem can be analyzed for the prominence of "threes" that form layers of multiple meanings within its three stanzas. In each of the three stanzas, key words can be examined to show (through the use of the OED) how Donne brilliantly chose them because of the various connotations they had to his audience. Finally, each of the three stanzas contains completely different moods that reflect the speaker’s emotions as the situation changes. Upon knowing some of John Donne’s personal history, especially of his eventual high position in the church, it is no surprise that religious overtones embellish much of his erotic poetry. The Holy Trinity is the body created by three entities: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. "The Flea" shows Donne’s obsession with this divine number and can be examined as a series of several "threes" beginning with the total number of stanzas in the poem: 3. Each stanza contains 9 lines, making the poem a series of 3 stanzas containing each a total of lines equaling 3-squared. As for the total number of lines, the poem contains 3-cubed, or 27. Each stanza contains the rhyme scheme AABBCCDDD. This is also a series of threes, containing 3 sets of rhyming couplets and ending in three lines rhyming DDD. The word "flea" is mentioned in all three stanzas of the poem. The OED had many entries for the word proving that Donne chose a word with its own trinity of multiple meanings, as a noun, an adjective, and a verb. First, it is a noun meaning the small, black, bloodsucking insect. This is ... ...ll of the speaker’s hopes are prematurely executed in the third stanza when the lady crushes the flea between her nails. This stanza is anticlimactic because the eager hopping around from argument to argument abruptly comes to a halt with one action. The speaker is rejected, and immediately retreats from his pursuit. His tone becomes scathing and the overall mood becomes like the purple blood that has stained the lady’s nail: "a hue of mourning." The hopes of the speaker coil down from the high apex of hope that builds in the first two stanzas to an embarrassing low in the last stanza. In conclusion, the true beauty of Donne’s poetry comes through in the tireless search for connections, overlapping, and deeper meaning. As one searches for these meanings, the 27 lines of "The Flea" become a mysterious maze that has no completion and never takes one to a dead end. A Structural and Vocabulary Analysis of John Donne's The Flea Essay A Structural and Vocabulary Analysis of John Donne's "The Flea" In his poem "The Flea", John Donne shows his mastery in creating a work in which the form and the vocabulary have deliberately overlapping significance. The poem can be analyzed for the prominence of "threes" that form layers of multiple meanings within its three stanzas. In each of the three stanzas, key words can be examined to show (through the use of the OED) how Donne brilliantly chose them because of the various connotations they had to his audience. Finally, each of the three stanzas contains completely different moods that reflect the speaker’s emotions as the situation changes. Upon knowing some of John Donne’s personal history, especially of his eventual high position in the church, it is no surprise that religious overtones embellish much of his erotic poetry. The Holy Trinity is the body created by three entities: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. "The Flea" shows Donne’s obsession with this divine number and can be examined as a series of several "threes" beginning with the total number of stanzas in the poem: 3. Each stanza contains 9 lines, making the poem a series of 3 stanzas containing each a total of lines equaling 3-squared. As for the total number of lines, the poem contains 3-cubed, or 27. Each stanza contains the rhyme scheme AABBCCDDD. This is also a series of threes, containing 3 sets of rhyming couplets and ending in three lines rhyming DDD. The word "flea" is mentioned in all three stanzas of the poem. The OED had many entries for the word proving that Donne chose a word with its own trinity of multiple meanings, as a noun, an adjective, and a verb. First, it is a noun meaning the small, black, bloodsucking insect. This is ... ...ll of the speaker’s hopes are prematurely executed in the third stanza when the lady crushes the flea between her nails. This stanza is anticlimactic because the eager hopping around from argument to argument abruptly comes to a halt with one action. The speaker is rejected, and immediately retreats from his pursuit. His tone becomes scathing and the overall mood becomes like the purple blood that has stained the lady’s nail: "a hue of mourning." The hopes of the speaker coil down from the high apex of hope that builds in the first two stanzas to an embarrassing low in the last stanza. In conclusion, the true beauty of Donne’s poetry comes through in the tireless search for connections, overlapping, and deeper meaning. As one searches for these meanings, the 27 lines of "The Flea" become a mysterious maze that has no completion and never takes one to a dead end.

Education in Nigeria Essay

Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of Education. And the local authorities take responsibility for implementing policy for state-controlled public education and state schools at a regional level. The education system is divided into Kindergarten, primary education, secondary education and tertiary education. Primary education Primary education, Yoruba, and Igbo. Private schools would also offer Computer science, French, and Fine Arts. Primary school students are required to take a Common Entrance Examination to qualify for admission into the Federal and State Government Secondary schools, as well as private ones. The Universal Basic Education, UBE, came as a replacement for Nigeria’s Universal Primary Education scheme of the 6-3-3-4 system of primary education. The 9-3-4 system of education was designed in conformity with the MDGs and Education For All, EFA (Kayode, 2006). The UBE involves 6 years of Primary School education and 3 years of Junior Secondary School education, culminating in 9 years of uninterrupted schooling, and transition from one class to another is automatic but determined through continuous assessment. This scheme is monitored by the Universal Basic Education Commission, UBEC, and has made it â€Å"free†, â€Å"compulsory† and a right of every child. [1] Therefore, the UBEC law section 15 defines UBE as early childhood care and education. The law stipulates a 9-year formal schooling, adult literacy and non-formal education, skill acquisition programs and the education of special groups such as nomads and migrants, girl child and women, Al-majiri, street children and disabled people (Aderinoye, 2007). [2] Secondary education. Students spend six years in Secondary School, that is 3 years of JSS (Junior Secondary School), and 3 years of SSS (Senior Secondary School). By Senior Secondary School Class 2 (SS2), students are taking the GCE O’Levels exam, which is not mandatory, but most students take it to prepare for the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. The Senior Secondary School Exam is taken in the last year of secondary school (SS3). Private organizations, the State government or the Federal government manage secondary schools in Nigeria. The Federal Republic of Nigeria is made up of thirty-six States and the Federal Capital Territory. There are about two Federal Government Colleges in each state. These schools are funded and managed directly by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Education. Teachers and staff are Federal Government employees. Teachers at the Federal Government schools possess a Bachelors degree in Education or in a particular subject area, such as, Mathematics, Physics etc. These schools are supposed to be model schools carrying and maintaining the ideals of secondary education for Nigerian students. Admission is based on merit, determined by the National Common Entrance Examination taken by all final year elementary school pupils. Tuition and fees are very low, approximately sixteen thousand naira ($100), because funding comes from the Federal Government. [2] State-owned secondary schools are funded by each state government and are not comparable to the Federal government colleges. Although education is supposed to be free in the majority of the state owned institutions, students are required to purchase books, uniforms and pay for miscellaneous things costing them an average of thirty thousand naira ($200) in an academic year. Teachers in State-owned institutions usually have a National Certificate of Education or a Bachelors Degree, but this is not always the case as many secondary schools in Nigeria are filled with unqualified teachers who end up not being able to motivate the students. Often these schools are understaffed due to low state budgets, lack of incentives and irregularities in payment of staff salaries. [2] Some state-owned secondary schools are regarded as elite colleges because of the historically high educational standard and producing alumni who have prominent citizens in the various careers. These included King’s College, Lagos and Queen’s College, Lagos. However, the college ranking of these institutions have since dropped because of the arrival of some private institutions. Private secondary schools in Nigeria tend to be quite expensive with average annual fees averaging from one hundred and sixty to three hundred and twenty thousand naira($1000. 00 – $2000. 00). These schools have smaller classes (approximately twenty to thirty students per class), modern equipment and a better environment. Most teachers in these institutions possess at least a Bachelors Degree in a specific course area and are sent for workshops or short term programs on a regular basis. [2] Promotional examinations With the introduction of 6-3-3-4 system of education in Nigeria, the recipient of the education would spend six years in primary school, three years in junior secondary school,three years in senior secondary school, and four years in tertiary institution. The six years spent in primary school and the three years spent in junior secondary school are merged to form the nine in the 9-3-4 system. Altogether, the students must spend a minimum period of six years in Secondary School. During this period, students are expected to spend three years in Junior Secondary School and three years in Senior Secondary School. [2] The General Certificate of Education Examination (GCE) was replaced by the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (SSCE). The SSCE is conducted at the end of the Secondary School studies in May/June. The GCE is conducted in October/November as a supplement for those students who did not get the required credits from their SSCE results. The standards of the two examinations are basically the same. A body called West African Examination Council (WAEC) conducts both the SSCE and GCE. A maximum of nine and a minimum of seven subjects are registered for the examination by each student with Mathematics and English Language taking as compulsory. [2] A maximum of nine grades are assigned to each subject from: A1, B2, B3 (Equivalent to Distinctions Grade); C4, C5, C6 (Equivalent to Credit Grade); D7, E8 (Just Pass Grade); F9 (Fail Grade). Credit grades and above is considered academically adequate for entry into any University in Nigeria. In some study programs, many of the universities may require higher grades to get admission. [2] The Federal Government policy on education is adhered to by all secondary schools in Nigeria. Six years of elementary school is followed by six years of secondary school. Senior Secondary school consists of the SS I, SS 2, and SS 3 which is equivalent to the 10th, 11th and 12th Grade. The Senior Secondary School Examination (SSCE) is taken at the end of the SS 3. The West African Examination Council (WAEC) administers both exams. Three to six months after a student has taken the SSCE examination, they are issued an official transcript from their institution. This transcript is valid for one year, after which an Official transcript from the West African Examination Council is issued. National Examination Council is another examination body in Nigeria Senior Secondary School Examination (SSCE)in June/July. The body also administer General Certificate of Education Examination (GCE)in December/January. The students often take both WAEC and NECO examinations in SSS 3. [2] Tertiary education The government has majority control of university education. The country has a total number of 128 universities registered by NUC among which federal and state government own 40 and 38 respectively while 50 universities are privately owned. First year entry requirements into most universities in Nigeria include: Minimum of SSCE/GCE Ordinary Level Credits at maximum of two sittings; Minimum cut-off marks in Joint Admission and Matriculation Board Entrance Examination (JAMB) of 180 and above out of a maximum of 400 marks are required. Candidates with minimum of Merit Pass in National Certificate of Education (NCE), National Diploma (ND) and other Advanced Level Certificates minimum qualifications with minimum of 5 O/L Credits are given direct entry admission into the appropriate undergraduate degree programs. [2] Students normally enter university from age 18 onwards, and study for an academic degree. Historically, universities are divided into several tiers: First Generation Universities Five of these Universities were established between 1948 and 1965, following the recommendation of the Ashby Commission set up by the British Colonial Government to study the necessity of university education for Nigeria. These universities are fully funded by the federal government. They were established primarily to meet a need for qualified personnel in Nigeria and to set basic standards for university education. These universities have continued to play their roles for the production of qualified personnel and the provision of standards, which have helped to guide the subsequent establishments of other generations of universities in Nigeria. Universities in this tier include the University of Nigeria, Nsukka and the University of Ibadan. [2] Second Generation Universities With the increasing population of qualified students for university education in Nigeria and the growing needs for scientific and technological developments, setting up more universities became imperative. Between 1970 and 1985, 12 additional universities were established and located in various parts of the country. [2] Third Generation Universities The need to establish Universities to address special areas of Technological and Agricultural demand prompted the setting up of 10 additional Universities between 1985 and 1999. [2] State Universities. Pressures from qualified students from each state who could not readily get admissions to any of the Federal Universities continued to mount on States Governments. It became imperative and urgent for some State Governments to invest in the establishment of Universities. [2] Private Universities In recognition of the need to encourage private participation in the provision of university education, the Federal Government established a law in 1993, allowing private sectors to establish universities following guidelines prescribed by the Government. [2] The typical duration of undergraduate programs in Nigerian universities depends largely on the program of study. For example, Social Sciences/Humanity related courses are 4 Years, Engineering/Technology related courses are 5 Years, Pharmacy courses are 5 Years, and Law courses are 5 Years, each with two semester sessions per year. Medicine (Vet/Human) degrees take 6 Years and have longer sessions during the year. [2] Women in education Education has been recognized as a basic human right since the 1948 adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A positive correlation exists between the enrollment of girls in priary school and the gross national product and life expectancy. [3] Because of this correlation, enrollment in schools represents the largest component of societal investment into human capital. [4] Rapid socioeconomic development of a nation has been observed to depend on the calibre of women and their education in that country. [5] Education bestows on women a disposition for a lifelong acquisition of knowledge, values, attitudes, competence and skills. [6].

Descartes ; Hume’s Theory on Knowledge

Knowledge is the things that one has taken into itself and made the decision to believe that it is true. This leads to the question, what makes certain obtained pieces of knowledge true? Descartes would doubt everything until he came to an absolute and undeniable truth. If he had any reason to doubt something, it could not be true knowledge. Descartes then discovered one thing that he could not doubt and that is â€Å"I think, therefore I am. † He says that if he can think, then he knows that he exists. I agree and disagree with Rene Descartes theory of how we have knowledge.Just because you have doubt about something does not necessarily mean there is no knowledge of it. What one may doubt, another person may have knowledge of. So is that person’s knowledge false? I say no. There are many situations like that. One may doubt the existence of God, but I do not doubt it. Since we all have our own beliefs, it does not mean one is wrong. So I do not agree with him saying th ere is no knowledge of things that he has the slightest doubt about. I do agree with his famous line â€Å"I think, therefore I am. † If one has the brain activity to think, then yes they do exist and that is certain.Since I am thinking, then I do have knowledge that I certainly exist. On the other hand, if one is in a coma then I still do believe that they exist. If you are living, breathing and your heart is beating then you without doubt exist even though you are not really thinking. One in a coma does have the ability to think once out of the coma so therefore they still exist. Hume was an empiricist and he believed that all knowledge comes through experience. If you want to know anything about what the world is like, you have to go out and explore; you cannot simply sit, think really hard and hope to come up with knowledge.He believed, along with the fact that knowledge is learned through experience, that a person's experiences are nothing more than the subjects of his o r her own perception. The knowledge of anything comes from the way it is observed through the five senses. Hume began to differentiate between feelings and thoughts. Feelings are only impressions made upon the body, and thoughts arrive from impressions; meaning you cannot have feelings on things you have not experienced. I do agree that one can gain knowledge through experiences, but also through being taught what we learn in school.In order for us to be taught things in school one had to experience the scientific study, math equation or whatever the material consisted of. People did not just come up with these facts on his/her own. They spent a lot of time researching and experiencing them to gain knowledge about whatever they learned. We do gain knowledge from things we experience on our own as well. The saying â€Å"People learn from their mistakes† is the perfect example. A child touches a hot stove and burns their hand, in doing so; they learn not to touch it because the y will remember what happened. In this case, they do learn from an experience.

Macbeth and the Traits of a Tragic Hero Essays

Macbeth and the Traits of a Tragic Hero Essays Macbeth and the Traits of a Tragic Hero Essay Macbeth and the Traits of a Tragic Hero Essay Heroes come in all shapes and sizes. Some heroes are heroic and some are tragic. Shakespeare was known for writing pieces with tragic heroes. Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s most famous tragic heroes. The three traits that best demonstrate how Macbeth is a tragic hero are his tragic flaw, his downfall, and his increased awareness. Having a tragic flaw is one of the major traits of a tragic hero that applies to Macbeth. His tragic flaw throughout the whole play was that he had unchecked ambition and desire for power. This was one of the major reasons for his downfall. He did many things to gain prestige and power that backfired on him and ruined his life. Throughout the entire play, Macbeth’s ambition led him to make many questionable decisions that ultimately ruined his character and led to his death.An example in the play of where Macbeth shows his unchecked desire to be king is directly after he receives the witch’s prophecy.He says â€Å"My thought whose murder yet is but fantastical, shakes so my single state of man that function is smothered in surmise and nothing is but what is not† (Shakespeare 357).By saying this Macbeth meant that he could kill the king and fulfill the prophecy and become the new king. This shows his willingness to commit terrible acts to gain the prestige and po wer he desires.Macbeth’s tragic flaw of unchecked ambition greatly affects his character throughout the entire play. Another trait of a tragic hero that Macbeth displays is that he has a downfall.Macbeth begins the story as a well-respected man in his community.He has some power and is of the higher class, but he eventually becomes greedy and wants to acquire more power and prestige which eventually leads to his downfall. Macbeth’s mental downfall begins when he decides that he is going to kill Duncan and he begins hallucinating about the murder.After murdering the king and Banquo Macbeth’s mental state begins to deteriorat

Answers to Questions About Commas

Answers to Questions About Commas Answers to Questions About Commas Answers to Questions About Commas By Mark Nichol In this post, I’ve reproduced some questions posed in e-mail or comments to Daily Writing Tips about commas, followed by my responses. 1. Which comma-style-in-a-series do you prefer, Oxford/Chicago Manual or AP? Why? I prefer employing the serial comma because doing so rarely introduces ambiguity, which is more likely when the serial comma is omitted. (See this section in the Wikipedia entry on the serial comma, which explains why because serial commas are sometimes necessary for clarity and should therefore, for the sake of consistency, always be employed.) 2. I keep finding commas placed after but, as in this sample from a Bloomsbury novel: â€Å"She is not yet that committed but, determined not to be ridiculous, she makes herself bite into the Bakewell slice.† I was raised to put a comma before the but. Is this another matter of American versus British usage, or is there a grammatical nicety here that I am missing? The comma after but is necessary because it signals that what follows it and precedes the next comma is an interjection, and the insertion of another comma is also recommended: The correct punctuation is â€Å"She is not yet that committed, but, determined not to be ridiculous, she makes herself bite into the Bakewell slice.† 3. I have read books where authors neglect using the comma in phrases like â€Å"me too.† I don’t know whether my being irked when I see this is completely wrong, but I would like more information about it. In the usages you describe, the tag too should indeed be preceded by a comma, but the punctuation mark is often omitted in informal or conversational contexts or simply out of ignorance. 4. I refer to my stylebooks all the time in an effort to get [appositive epithets] right. Do you know of an easy mnemonic device that can help me remember this rule? I don’t have any mnemonic for this matter, but think of an epithet as an adjective: â€Å"Daily Writing Tips contributor Mark Nichol† describes which particular type of Mark Nichol is being identified. Just as you wouldn’t punctuate â€Å"blue car† with a comma between the adjective and the noun and another following the noun, you don’t insert commas before and after your name. Or consider the subject in â€Å"Planet Earth is our home.† Planet is an epithet, and Earth is not bracketed by commas. 5. In â€Å"Strange and surely intentional was the omission of her name in the credits,† should â€Å"and surely intentional† be set off with commas? And would you please expand on such when the second is not clearly subordinate e.g., an aside. This type of phrasing is highly flexible in terms of punctuation, and what the writer does depends not on construction but on connotation. If a pairing of adjectives or other parts of speech is straightforward and sensible lithe and graceful, hale and hearty, cheap and shoddy the second element need not be set off, but when it is extraordinary, emphatic treatment is effective. Grammatically speaking, no punctuation is necessary in the sentence you provided, but the force of delivery of the additional information is heightened by setting it off from the main clause: â€Å"Strange, and surely intentional, was the omission of her name in the credits† ensures that the reader momentarily ponders the import of the deliberate omission. â€Å"Strange (and surely intentional) was the omission of her name in the credits† does the same while suggesting a conspiratorial whisper between the writer and the reader on the topic. â€Å"Strange and surely intentional was the omission of her name in the credits† intensifies the impact by pushing the surmise onto center stage. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 101Difference between "Pressing" and "Ironing"Grammar Review #1: Particles and Phrasal Verbs

The Freedom of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Freedom of Education - Essay Example Foucault calls this concept of mental change â€Å"panopticism†. The main key to this concept is to build a mechanism which would be able to suppress and control people’s minds and thoughts in order to make all we feel happy. As a result of this concept, social institutions, such as schools, prisons, and hospitals, were created. In an essay called â€Å"The â€Å"Banking† Concept of Education† by Paulo Freire, the idea of â€Å"panopticism† is intruding into an educational process, where children are treated and educated as â€Å"robots†, where the independent way of thinking is totally prohibited. In an ancient world, people were always thinking about the perfectly governed city which they called Utopia. This city of state could be primitive and simple but at the same time one of perfect happiness and fulfillment. Today a perception of a perfect governed city was slightly changed. Michel Foucault, who was one of the world’s leading intellectuals, gives us his own point of view regarding a definition of Utopia. In order to make this world more positive and decent, â€Å"some bunch of people† should build a machine that would control and even change people’s ways of thinking, and once this creation is built, the evolution of thoughts completely depend on it (Foucault, M 210-213). According to Bentham’s point of view, that machine would be a perfect key to manipulating the educational training of people. He calls this creature Panopticon, which is the architectural figure, the purpose of which is to observe and control people from the side (Bentham 213-214). The main point of this structure is that the inmate must never know whether he is being looked at during any one moment, but he must be sure that he may always be so (Foucault 215). This perfect concept of control gives the opportunity to create a society where there are no crimes, violence, or child abuse; where all people are happy and love each other.  

Knowledge and Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Knowledge and Skills - Essay Example This 'Knowledge and Skills Framework' is designed in the United Kingdom, to understand, and sustain personal and career development. It helps to identify the skills and knowledge individuals should apply to their jobs so that they are provided with equal opportunities of progress throughout their careers. 1. I have served many non profit and for-profit organizations over the past years of my life. These include fulfilling the duties of an administrator, director, operations manager and as a full time social worker at many organizations. This kind of massive exposure to the real world problems related to the management of these associations has led to the development of my psychosocial abilities and I have fully utilized these abilities to the best of my capabilities. I have served as a full time social worker at the Fresenius Medical Care formerly known as Renal Care Group, Inc, Wynnewood. This facility provides dialysis treatments to adults in 3 countries simultaneously. At the DaVita Dialysis also provides dialysis treatments to adults and Delware County and South Philadelphia area. Also, I have demonstrated my skills as a Director at 'Tressler Lutheran Services, West Chester' which provides clinical therapy to adolescents and families in the area. From 1995 to 1996, I was the 'Pro gram Director' to a foster child care and adoption services facility called 'Children's Choice', in Philadelphia. I also have served as a 'Family Preservation Case Manager' at 'Family and Community Services of Delaware County'. A. During my experience as a social worker at Fresenius Medical Care, I managed a caseload of 160-180 patients. This management was in regard to psychosocial issues, insurance coverage and transportation concerns. At DaVita Dialysis facility, where I handled the case load of 140 Upland and 75 Upper Philadelphia from May 2002 to November 2002, similar challenges were faced. The psychosocial needs of the patients admitted in these facilities were tremendous. They ranged from information about their therapies to possible side effects, stress, depression and other mental and emotional conditions. Patients suffering from dialysis undergo extensive treatments and also seek assistance in the normal day routines they can't perform independently. All these issues were successfully taken care of. The psychodynamic theory was greatly applied in these situations where the patient-doctor emotional relationships were encouraged. Successful documentation of psychosocial assessment and needs was do ne at both the facilities, keeping in mind the Medicare guidelines and Federal regulations. Patients were made comfortable with their treatments, by thoroughly informing them about the medical procedures. B. While working at the Children's Choice, my range and scope of experience increased as I was subjected to handle special need groups. These groups call for special attention psychosocially and are to be handled with care and devotion. The application of psychosocial theory has been the basis of my efforts in all these situations. Special attention was given to offer increased level of care both physical and emotional. Also, it was indemnified that the Child Welfare Regulations were being effective followed as required by the Department of Human

Environmental law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Environmental law - Essay Example One has to hire environmental consultants to do this work. It may also involve the company treating the waste to make it less harmful to the environment and this also come with additional work for the organization. It will also be subject to frequent scrutiny from the authorities to see how they conduct the treatment process and whether they are meeting the required standards. This therefore means in case of discharge to the natural water, the company with have additional work of waste treatment and have to strictly release waste which is considered environmental friendly (Novotny & Brown, 2007). This implies that the regulations with discharging into the natural water have more regulative restrictions which also come with extra costs. Discharging into a sewer system on the other hand has no major impact on the work environment. This is because the sewer company treats the waste and also takes the obligation of looking for the final destination of this waste. In that case, the company does not get into direct contact with environmental protection authorities on waste disposal. This reduces the work that the company would have undertaken and has lesser financial constraints. Novotny, V., & Brown, P. R. (2007). Cities of the future: Towards integrated sustainable water and landscape management : proceedings of an international workshop held July 12-14, 2006 in Wingspread Conference Center, (Racine, WI). London: IWA

Example Answers to Tasks on Tata Motors

Example Answers to Tasks on Tata Motors Tata Motors Limited has revenues of US$20.5 billion in 2009-10. The companys 25,000 employees are guided by the vision to be Best in the manner in which we operate, best in the products we deliver and best in our value system and ethics. Tata motors was formed in 1945 and till date has expanded across all locations in India. Today around 6 million Tata vehicles run on Indian roads. In 2005 Tata motors had entered a strategic alliance with Fiat to produce power trains and cars. Tata Motors also distributes and markets Fiat branded cars in India. Tata Motors is the first company to be listed in the New York Stock Exchange (September 2004) belonging to engineering sector of India. Today Tata Motors has Operations in the UK, South Korea, Thailand and Spain. Jaguar Land Rover, was acquired in 2008 by Tata Motors and it also acquired the Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company of South Korea in 2004 (http://www.Tatamotors.com) Task 1: a) Kurt Lewins change management model Today the theory of change management is plays the huge role in most of the business. However, how organisation change in their culture it is depend on the type of industry, change requirement and involvement if the individuals. The key thing in change management is hoe the individuals is recognised or get settled in change process. To understand the change management process in business Kurt Lewins developed the change management process model. This model was developed in 1950s and still is most used method in todays modern business. Lewins change model is going through three stages which is start from Unfreeze Change Refreeze and each of these stages is mention below. Unfreeze In this first stage of change process is preparing to check and requirement of change within the business, which involves identify the key areas which needs to change and try to break it so that you can introduce the new operation. To organize the business effectively, you need to begin at its nucleus and you need to challenge the viewpoint, ethics, approach, and behaviours that presently define it. With the similarity of a structure, you must study and be planned to modify the existing basics as they may not support add-on storeys unless this is done, the whole building may risk collapse. Usually the first part of the change process is very difficult because here you need to identify the key areas where you think change should be required. Furthermore, you may face some strong reaction who does not like the change and you should balance everything when cutting down the things. By forcing the organization to re-evaluate its nucleus, you efficiently make a calamity (which is under control), which in revolve can make a tough inspiration to search for a new balance. Without this inspiration you would not obtain to buy-in and contribution require resulting any significant change. Change After all the doubts which is created during the unfreeze stage, the change is the stage where you can try to resolve all the doubts and try to do the things in new different ways. In these stage individuals start considers and thinks in that way so that they support the new course. The conversion form unfreeze to change takes a bit time it does not happen suddenly, usually individuals take time to get adjust from unfreeze to change process. . A interrelated change model concentrate on the exact problem of individual evolution in a changing atmosphere and is helpful to understand this i will explain in detail below. Individuals should understand how the change process will help them if you want to create the change successful and acceptable within their employees. You should link the change with the individual benefit they simply did not accept the change only on the basis of the change is essential for the organisation. The two key elements to success of the change process is Time and Communication which plays the huge role. People should need some time so that they were able to understand the change and this should be highly communicated with in the employees during the change period. This is the best approach you can use while managing the change which requires great deal of time and effort. Regrettably, some individuals actually affect or harmed by the change mainly those who get the advantage for the past strategy. Others may take a bit long time to accept the change infect they accept it only when they think they will get benefit from the change. Refreeze When the changes are get start settle in the business and individuals have accepted the new ways of operational the association is prepared to refreeze. The outcomes signs of the refreeze are a steady business plan reliable work responsibilities and so on. The refreeze stage also needs to help individuals plus the internal matters of the business and try to refreeze it. That means a change should be a continuous process and needs to there in every business. With a new sense of stability, workforce feels positive, secure and motivated in new culture of the organisation. There is always a big question mark over whether a change is required in the business or not if it is required how far it should be. Although change process is regular and continuous process but this refreeze stage is very important to complete the change process. Furthermore, employees also not been able to adjust with the new culture of the business and they not even know their new role and responsibility in the business. If you did not refreeze the change effectively then it is very difficult to attempt the next change successfully. The another part of refreezing process is make sure that you should enjoy yourself in the new culture of the organisation which helps the employees to enduring himself from the past stressful and sore time . (Sarah Cook, 2004) McKinsey 7S framework The McKinsey 7S model is a vital tool for the detailed study of the strategies that are to amended or to be changed. McKinseys model is a tool which focuses on the internal factors of an organization and can be implemented on a team or a project as well. The McKinsey 7S model can be used over various situations where a perspective is may be helpful, such as; Enhancing organizations performance. Align departments during the time of mergers and acquisitions. Implementing the best proposed strategies. Deciding the future changes in the organization. The elements in the model can be further categorized as; Hard Elements Soft Elements Strategy Structure Systems Shared Values Skills Style Staff Hard elements are easy to identify and define and the management of the organization are directly influenced by them. These are the main aspects of all official processes, organizational plans, reports and IT systems. Soft elements are the aspects which are difficult to describe that are less tangible and are more affected by the culture. (Prahalad ,1990) http://www.mindtools.com/media/Diagrams/mckinsey.jpg Strategy: It is a scheme develops for maintaining constructing competitive advantage over the opposition. Structure: hierarchy of positions in the company. Systems: the day today functioning of workforce for getting the job done. Shared Values: core values of the corporation which are supported in the corporate culture and the general work ethic. Style: the manner of leadership pattern implemented. Staff: the workforce and their wide-ranging potential. Skills: the real skills and competencies of the workforce functioning for the business. The basis of model is, if a business has to excel then the seven elements have to be arranged in a line and equally strengthen. It is used for identifying what requires to be realigned to get better performance, or for uphold alignment performance throughout erstwhile kind of change. whatsoever the category of change whether it be restructuring, mergers acquisitions, new processes systems or alteration of leadership, this model is used if comprehending how the business rudiments are interconnected, and also it ensures the wider impact of changes done in one region which is engaged into deliberation. This model is used for study of the present situation, a projected future situation and for identifying fissure and irregularity flanked by them. By making adjustment and fine tuning of the elements of the 7S model can be, the effective organization mechanism can be ensured. (Sarah Cook, 2004) John P Kotters eight steps to successful change John P Kotter is a Harvard Business School professor and leading thinker and author on organizational change management. Kotters suggest a model for change which has eight stages and can be outlined as: Increase urgency encourage employees to progress, and make the objectives seem genuine and important. Assemble the channel team get hold of the right employees in correct position who have the accurate poignant promise, and the true blend of skills and stage. Get the vision correct catch up or the team to set up a uncomplicated vision and strategy, focus on poignant and imaginative characteristic essential to impel service and efficiency. Communicate for buy-in engage more and more individuals as possible, correspond the fundamentals, simply, and to request and react to peoples requirements, De-clutter the communications. Formulate the technology to work in your favour instead against. Empowerment of deed Eliminate barriers, facilitate constructive feedback and plenty of support from leaders, reward and recognise development and accomplishment. Create short-range Goals lay down short time goals which are easy to achieve in controllable figures of initiatives. End present stages prior to going for the new stages. Dont give up promote and support fortitude and perseverance, give confidence in ongoing development, bring to light the accomplish landmarks and emphasize on the future ones. Make change fix strengthen the worth of victorious change via recruitment, promotion and novel change leaders. Intertwine the change into traditions (Sarah Cook, 2004). Task 1: b) Change management is done to achieve some overall goal and its not done only for namesake change. More often than not, the factors like significant incise in grant, dealing with main new markets or new clients, requirement for spectacular boost in productivity and services, etc. are the reasons behind a aggravated organizational change. In general, organizations must carry out enterprise-wide change to develop itself to a different level in its span of lifecycle. Tata Motors was primarily a maker of commercial vehicles and it is a extremely recurring type of industry. The commercial-vehicle market place in India shrivels in excess of 42 %, with enormous repercussion on top and operational management of organisation. The 110 million US$ deficit was the first time something on this magnitude had taken place in its past, and this actually tremble each one within the organization. Tata Motors struggle to understand what had gone erroneous and hunted to generate a trail for the upcoming days to make certain that they by no means got into such circumstances for a second time. Tata motors determined and implemented a revival plan which had three discrete stages, every one of which was anticipated to last for approximately 1.5 years and 5 years in total. Stage I was planned to stalk the haemorrhage. Expenses had to be abridged in a gigantic manner, and it was a massive defy for a organisation that was not only the major player in business but had been making use of a cost-plus loom to its value strategy. Stage II two was seen as strengthen their place in India as market leader, and stage III was all about intensifying their business internationally. (http://www.Tatamotors.com) Task 1: c) To be an effective leader of an organization requires you to do five things: Understand and interpret the environment in which he operate Develop winning strategies Execute them brilliantly; Measure the impact of your strategies followers. If you get results, people will support you, systematically, adjusting strategies as often without caring too much about how you got indicated. Develop organizational, departmental; the world wont retain the support of your followers team and personal capabilities. Team building is an application of various techniques of Sensitivity training to the actual work groups in various departments. These work groups consist of peers and a supervisor (Rob Paton, 2008). Task 2: a) In current period Tata Motors have counter a lot of confront more than ever from the increasing antagonism and globalization. To tussle back these peripheral problems, Tata Motors arrive out with strategy of expansion and growth to retaliate antagonism via mergers and acquisitions. And also to fight back the effect of globalization it strong-willed to slash expenditure and in that way bring in the worlds cheapest car. But all of these actions had brutal insinuation on its in-house organizational change. This effect of Change was seen both on the top and middle management as well as at the employee level. At the management level, the insurgent change was seen for slashing the expenditure and manufacturing and offering the cheapest car to the world market in stipulated time. At the employee level the change was mainly seen because of the a great deal necessary merger of Daewoo with Tata Motors, which profoundly originated a greater deal of change in its employees (http://www.Tatamotors .com). Task 2: b) Organisation-wide change is embarking on as an affair of continued existence. It is not an alternative or nor it is a notion. Change clutches a very huge expenditure in terms of human and physical assets, share prices, stakeholders lack of confidence, consumer discontent, receivables and cash flow. The reality is often a painful period of change, during which resistance is high, morale is low, productivity is falling, and confusion is rampant (Marsh, 2001). None of the organization accepts this without due consideration. As a matter of fact why does the change fails in spite of its grounds are now right, the need to change is very clear, its substitute are properly assessed, and the path to success is corresponded as such that each one in the organization can distinguish that the change is not discretionary but necessary. The solution or probable reason for this is, Just being right isnt good enough: you have to win the hearts and minds of the employees who will make the change happen (Marsh, 2001). There is not such incorporeal organization that can be changed. It is its staff who can craft intended change into realism by altering their behaviours and the conducts they communicate to each other. Putting change into operation in an organization forces employees to adjust how they communicate to each other. It changes the ways in which they deals with one another and changes their approach towards goals, processes and equipments. This may lead to anxiety which further causes resistance for change. Only people who instigate change enjoy it; other have to suffer it (Marsh, 2001). A lot of employees feel endangered if they are forced to change supposing that they might go down on power, prestige, competence, and security. They sense that what is occurring is outside their control, beyond their area of authority, and so fright about it. These suspicions may be well high and dry in experience but it also depend upon how the organisation has faced the change in past (Marsh, 2001). Task 3: a) The changes that have happen within organizations around the world over the last five years, have revolutionized how organizations will continue to operate for the next five years.    Businesses have realized that people are more important, whether that be the customer or the employees.    Employees must be happy, self assured, educated, trained, motivated, and leaders in order to be able to create the type of business that produces quality product.    The customer must be happy, and if the employees are not happy, they have a hard time making the customers happy (Porter, 1998).    Task 3: b) Stakeholder Analysis is the process that: Is intended for group stakeholders and Understands what stakeholders expect from the project and what they need in next of impending risks It recognizes activities to reduce risks and exploit profit by functioning with the stakeholders. In stakeholder analysis involvement of employees can be done by using two fundamental approaches, Representation Delegation. Both of them have certain advantages and disadvantages. (Sarah Cook, 2004) Representation: It endeavours to take in the complete variety of views, interest groups and organisational units as part of the complete judgment making process. It is also characterised by self-governing, committee-type judgment-making process. Advantages Disadvantages Covers full range of views It has apparent way to achieve extensive approval of judgment Involves people who may have limited knowledge of the subject area time-consuming decision-making process May lead to concession which doesnt symbolize best fit in every meticulous region Delegation: It pass on liability to those recognized as being best suitable to the job. Advantages Disadvantages Job done by those who have appropriate skills and acquaintance lets the system or work to progress forward extra swiftly the acceptance simply relies on faith in those delegated requires concern about covering of all relevant issues its proper understanding. Task 3: c) A change management strategy helps in identification, prioritisation, engagement and assessment of stakeholders. Explicit region of spotlight contain: Ensuring of sufficient indulgent of the objectives, timeline and procedure by every key stakeholder. Ensure that stakeholders who will be significantly impacted by the initiative or the change resulting from it have a clear understanding of how and when they will be affected. To persuade stakeholder outlook to turn into more optimistic or in any case less pessimistic en route for the proposal and/or the change that it shall fetch in regards. To ascertain an effectual response sphere between the stakeholder set and the management panel (Rob Paton, 2008) Task 3: d) The three greatest barriers to organizational change are most often the following. Insufficient planning of change of customs. The majority of organisations are superior at scheduling changes in reporting composition, Job region assignment, work responsibilities, and organizational structure. Organizational charts are usually amended repeatedly. Deadlines are set, yardstick are laid down, changeover group are agreed upon, etc. it is nowadays common to forecast lack of success and arrangement for consequential change. Whilst the planning team is moreover barely defined or is as well determined on purpose investigation and decisive philosophy, it becomes excessively effortless to mislay prospect of the fact that the intended change will have an effect on staff. Even at work, employees formulate a lot of judgment on the basis of opinion and perception. When the opinion of staff ignored, the consequence is over and over again unfathomable bitterness due to a number of unrecognized outlawed or custom has not been suitably valued. Be short of employee participation. Employees have an intrinsic terror of change. In the majority of strategic organizational change, in any case a few employees are asked to presume different odd jobs or focus on diverse facet of their Talent and expertise. The larger the change a employee is solicited to make, the more invasive that employees fear might be. As there is fear of failure in new presumed roles there will be fright of change. For triumphant change Employees should be involve as early as possible and allow them make as much of the change as achievable. As employees appreciate the motive for the change and have a chance to endeavour the change on for magnitude they further willingly accept and shore up the change. Defective Communiquà © Strategies. Idyllic communiquà © stratagem in circumstances of noteworthy organizational change must concentrate on the message, the manner of deliverance, the occasion, and the significance of information shared with assorted division of the organization. A lot of leaders think that if they tell their employees what they fell about the change, after that each one shall be committed and prepared to progress forward. In actual fact, employees require to be aware of why the change is being made and also more significantly, how the change is to be expected to have an effect on them. A full-size portrait message from the CEO helps a smaller in employee understanding and accepting the change. They want to hear about the change from their immediate managers. An approach of appealing straight supervision and permitting them to handle the communication process is the solution to a successful change strategy (Patron, 2006, Cook et. al., 2004) Task 4: a) RELEVANCE OF THE MODELS OF CHANGE Kurt Lewin states the three stages to change: Unfreezing: Create motivation/readiness for change Demonstrate need for change Communicate desired future Engender commitment Old principles and procedure must be chucked away and new system must be cultured. Discarding the old procedure can be as complicated as learning the new ones because of behaviour influence. A leader must aid to clear out the old custom before commencement of the new. Throughout this part of the progression a small tad of training is required to be imparted, also a great amount of emotional support is required to smash the old practices. Changing: Cognitive restructuring Identification with new vision of the organization Benchmark, invent, innovate Even though there will be great amount of bewilderment, overwork and anguish, there will also be optimism, innovation, and exhilaration. This phase of change necessitate a lot of training as the employees are getting use to new customs and small amount of support for the affect of stimulation congestion. Refreezing: Link new behavior to self-concept, reward Create social acceptance of new behavior The new procedures are now rationally and sensitively acknowledged. The things that were newly learnt are now in fact practiced on the work. Again some training and support is required for setting up further change process as it is continual process upgrading. (Rob Paton, 2008) (Sarah Cook, 2004) Task 4: b) Formulation of a strategic vision: A understandable vision of the organisations new strategy and its shared values is required for carrying out effective change. This vision gives the purpose and course for the transform. Exhibit Top-management dedication: It is essential that change is managed from the top-management of the organization, for eagerness to change of the senior management is a central pointer (Cummings Worley, 2005, page 490). The top management should be in support of the change in way to really execute the change in company. Model change at the highest level: The change must be very well-known at its first stage which shows management is in its close favour. It is also significant for management to shows the power of its present culture as well; it should be emphasized that present enterprise does not require sweeping changes, but just a small number of alterations. Adjust the organization to sustain change: The fourth step is to rearrange the structure of company to carry out change. Select and entertain newcomers and remove non co-operators: A method to put into practice a change is to unite it to organizational partisanship, employees are recruited or removed w.r.t. their fit with the new system. Enlarge ethical and legal feeling: Changes in culture go ahead to create nervousness amongst organisation and its staff which leads to ethical and legal trouble. This is predominantly applicable for alter in staff integrity, control, fair treatment and job security. Change in the organizations is very significant and unavoidable. Improvement is bound to be of greater complexity than continuation. Employees over and over again oppose changes therefore it is the responsibility of the management to persuade people for possible gain which shall overshadow the losses. (Porter, 1998)